Josen was a student of the master Jochiku. This innovative method of carving hirazogan is called sumi-e [brush painting] hirazogan and was originated by the Murakami (Jochiku) family.

The method used in the second piece, of mixing an alloy was employed by the Takahashi school. At the same time, they developed the metal version of guribori after Chinese lacquer. This example is probably by Takahashi Okitsugu or Takahashi Yoshitsugu.