The first complete edition of the Epistolary, here edited for the first time complete, by Simon Schardius, historian and humanist of Basle, who saw in it not only a literary and philological masterwork of medieval Latin, but a historical source with political implications very appplicable to his own time. Schard's vehement Protestantism saw Rome as Babylon, the Pope as Antichrist and Frederic II, whom Petrus de Vineis defended against excommunication at the Council of Lyons (1245), as the hero of truth and ally of the Walldensians. He added his Hypomena which deals with the relationship of emperor and pope historically.