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HUYGENS, Christiaan (1629-1695). Horologium oscillatorium sive de motu pendulorum ad horologia aptato demonstrationes geometricae. Paris: F. Muguet, 1673.
2o (313 x 207 mm). Ornamental royal armorial woodcut device on title, one full-page woodcut of the pendulum, approximately 100 woodcut diagrams in text, woodcut head- and tail-pieces and initials. (Small tears to lower fore-corner of title, tiny rust hole to Q3 catching a letter on verso, occasional very light foxing.) Contemporary calf, spine gilt, edges red-sprinkled (extremities a bit rubbed with trifling loss of leather at corners of upper cover).
Provenance: Jacques Ozanam (1640-1717?), French mathematician, PRESENTATION COPY FROM THE AUTHOR (signature on front free endpaper, inscription on title in Ozanam's hand, "Ex dono clarissimi Authoris") ; Comte du Girardin (engraved armorial booklabel on title).
VERY FINE PRESENTATION COPY OF THE FIRST EDITION OF HUYGENS' MOST IMPORTANT WORK, containing the first mathematical analysis of the motion of the pendulum, and a general treatise on the dynamics of bodies in motion. Huygens constructed the first pendulum clock in 1657, an idea already put forth by Galileo, who had noted the isochronism of the pendulum (its property of swinging in a constant time, regardless of the width of the swing). The idea was a brilliant solution to the problems of keeping time aboard ship, since a reliable time-keeping device was essential for determining longitude, a problem of acute importance in 17th-century Holland, and Huygens' invention, described in the Horologium, was hugely successful - by 1658 pendulums were even applied to the tower clocks of Scheveningen and Utrecht.
In the Horologium Huygens broadened his mathematical analysis of the pendulum's movement from a central exposition of the isochronism of the cycloid (a discovery which he had called "the most fortunate finding which ever befell me" [DSB]) to a general mathematical discussion of the laws of motion. He focussed on the properties of curves, including the theory of the evolutes of curves and the fall of bodies along curves, and determined the first exact value of the intensity of the force of gravity by using a compound pendulum. The treatise "was the most original work of this kind since Galileo's Discorsi.... It ends with 13 theorems (without proofs) on the dynamics of circular motion. Newton in the Principia acknowledges Huygens's priority here, though Huygens's work had little influence on his own" (PMM). Reciprocally, while acknowledging the importance of the Principia, Huygens later positioned himself in opposition to Newton, whose theories were irreconciliable with Huygens's adherence to a strictly mechanistic philosophy of the laws of nature (see lot 544). His Horologium was nonetheless "a work of the highest genius which has influenced every science through its mastery of the principles of dynamics. It is second in scientific importance perhaps only to the Principia" (Charles Singer, A short history of science to the nineteenth century, 1941, p. 258).
As the most illustrious member of the new Acadmie Royale des Sciences (founded in 1666), Huygens published the Horologium under the patronage of Colbert and Louis XIV, to whom he dedicated the work. He lived almost entirely in Paris from 1666 to 1681, throughout the war between the Dutch republic and the French and English, and it must have been during this period that he made the acquaintance of the Lyonese mathematician Jacques Ozanam, author of the frequently reprinted Rcrations mathmatiques et physiques (Paris, 1694) and numerous other popular reference works on "useful and practical mathematics" for the layman.
Dibner, Heralds of Science 145; Grolier/Horblit 53; PMM 154; Norman 1137.
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Provenance: Jacques Ozanam (1640-1717?), French mathematician, PRESENTATION COPY FROM THE AUTHOR (signature on front free endpaper, inscription on title in Ozanam's hand, "Ex dono clarissimi Authoris") ; Comte du Girardin (engraved armorial booklabel on title).
VERY FINE PRESENTATION COPY OF THE FIRST EDITION OF HUYGENS' MOST IMPORTANT WORK, containing the first mathematical analysis of the motion of the pendulum, and a general treatise on the dynamics of bodies in motion. Huygens constructed the first pendulum clock in 1657, an idea already put forth by Galileo, who had noted the isochronism of the pendulum (its property of swinging in a constant time, regardless of the width of the swing). The idea was a brilliant solution to the problems of keeping time aboard ship, since a reliable time-keeping device was essential for determining longitude, a problem of acute importance in 17th-century Holland, and Huygens' invention, described in the Horologium, was hugely successful - by 1658 pendulums were even applied to the tower clocks of Scheveningen and Utrecht.
In the Horologium Huygens broadened his mathematical analysis of the pendulum's movement from a central exposition of the isochronism of the cycloid (a discovery which he had called "the most fortunate finding which ever befell me" [DSB]) to a general mathematical discussion of the laws of motion. He focussed on the properties of curves, including the theory of the evolutes of curves and the fall of bodies along curves, and determined the first exact value of the intensity of the force of gravity by using a compound pendulum. The treatise "was the most original work of this kind since Galileo's Discorsi.... It ends with 13 theorems (without proofs) on the dynamics of circular motion. Newton in the Principia acknowledges Huygens's priority here, though Huygens's work had little influence on his own" (PMM). Reciprocally, while acknowledging the importance of the Principia, Huygens later positioned himself in opposition to Newton, whose theories were irreconciliable with Huygens's adherence to a strictly mechanistic philosophy of the laws of nature (see lot 544). His Horologium was nonetheless "a work of the highest genius which has influenced every science through its mastery of the principles of dynamics. It is second in scientific importance perhaps only to the Principia" (Charles Singer, A short history of science to the nineteenth century, 1941, p. 258).
As the most illustrious member of the new Acadmie Royale des Sciences (founded in 1666), Huygens published the Horologium under the patronage of Colbert and Louis XIV, to whom he dedicated the work. He lived almost entirely in Paris from 1666 to 1681, throughout the war between the Dutch republic and the French and English, and it must have been during this period that he made the acquaintance of the Lyonese mathematician Jacques Ozanam, author of the frequently reprinted Rcrations mathmatiques et physiques (Paris, 1694) and numerous other popular reference works on "useful and practical mathematics" for the layman.
Dibner, Heralds of Science 145; Grolier/Horblit 53; PMM 154; Norman 1137.