The Mosques and Fort of Jaunpur Jaunpur, which lies about forty miles to the north-west of Benares, was founded in 1360 by Firuz Shah Tughluq of Delhi. Initially it remained an outpost of the Delhi Sultanate, but it achieved independence under the Sharqi sultans from 1397 to 1476, and it was in this period that most of its magnificent mosques and other monuments were built. It was brought back within the Delhi Sultanate by the Lodis and was later occupied by the Mughals. Several mosques of its autonomous period survive in the town today, though all but the three or four largest are now very dilapidated. In architectural terms, they are remarkable especially for the vast towering pylon which each has in the centre of the qibla side of the courtyard; though looking like a gateway, it is actually part of the facade of the prayer hall. The town stands on either side of the River Gumti, which is here crossed by a bridge built by Akbar's governor in the 1560s and still in use. Overlooking the river stands the Fort, begun in 1360 but with substantial later additions. The Daniells stayed in Jaunpur from 26 November to 13 December 1789 - an unusually long period for them to be in one place in their sometimes hectic tour. Evidently the town presented them with many subjects to draw, as they later recalled: 'Upon our approach to [Jaunpur], several fine old mosques for which it is remarkable, rose sublimely in the distance, affording an agreeable relief to the unvarying aspect of the surrounding scenery. As we approached the bridge they opened in full view before us, and forced from us an exclamation of involuntary admiration' (The Oriental Annual, 1835, p.178).
Thomas Daniell, R.A. (1749-1840) and William Daniell, R.A. (1769-1837)

The Atala Mosque, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh

Details
Thomas Daniell, R.A. (1749-1840) and William Daniell, R.A. (1769-1837)
The Atala Mosque, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh
pencil, pen and black ink and watercolour, watermark 'J WHATMAN'
19 x 27 5/8in. (48.3 x 70.3cm.)
Exhibited
Spink, 1974, no.33.

Lot Essay

Very unusually amongst works by the Daniells, this watercolour has no inscription on the reverse identifying the subject. It has been identified as the Atala Masjid, completed in 1408 and thus one of the earliest mosques in Jaunpur. The distinguishing features of the Atala Masjid are the double height cloister around the courtyard (part of which is visible here, to the left) and the two smaller pylons flanking the central one. The mosque today, however, is rather less decayed than it appears here: the top of the central pylon is now intact.

'26 November: Arrived Juanpore at 6am distant from Benares 18 Koass. Abt 9 oC set out & visited the Fort, Mosques, & other buildings of note. 2 December: Spent the morning at the Atouleah Kan Musjid. Un[cle] made a sketch of the East Gate. 3 December: Employed the whole day at the Atouleah Khan Musjid'(Journal).

'The Atoulah Kau Musjid is said to have cost seventy lacs of rupees, or upwards of eight hundred thousand pounds; and the view of this grand edifice fully justifies the supposition that the amount of the outlay has not been exaggerated.... The most gorgeous part of the interior is the central aisle, that rises to a great height, being divided into several stories, and covered by a vast dome which has a panelled ceiling ornamented with very elaborate decorations... The entrance to this fine mosque is very striking. The external doorway is flanked by two square masses of stone-work which rise, on either side, to the height of at least eighty feet' (The Oriental Annual, 1835, pp.179-80).

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