The painted rawhide box was a form created by the Western Sioux, and possibly by some of their neighbors of the Eastern Plains tribes. The form most certainly was a direct result of Euro-American influences and their commerical containers, and are the most recent innovation in the tradition of the parfleche construction. The earliest painted parfleche boxes were probably produced in the 1880s, however it is more likely that most examples date to the first decades of the twentieth century (see Torrence, 1994, pp. 71-76).