MIDDLE WOODLAND PERIOD 100-400 A.D.

The large stone bird-effigy pipes produced by the Copena people have the pipe bowl rising from the bird's shoulders, evidence of former pearl or mica inlay in the eye sockets, and the bird's claws usually indicated in low relief. The latter are fully carved out in this example. These heavy pipes were apparently popular in the ancient native trade, because they have been found from Alabama to Virginia and Illinois. Their popularity foreshadowed the cult of the "warrior birds" in the Mississippian Culture.

cf. For a similar example see Brose, Brown, Penney, (eds.), 2000, p. 32.