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MANSEL, Jean (1400/01-1473/4). La Fleur des Histoires, in French, ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPT ON VELLUM
[Anjou and Paris, 1490s and c.1505]Bound in four volumes: I, 410 x 295mm, i + 309 leaves, mostly in gatherings of 8 and with original foliation in red roman numerals in the centre of the upper margin (lacking folios 213, 222 and 235, and final folio an early substitution when volume divided, second half of this volume lacking); II & III, 410 x 320mm, i + 319 and i + 287 leaves, originally a single volume, mostly in gatherings of 8 and with original foliation in red roman numerals in outer corner of upper margin (lacking folios 116, 153, 356 and 471, and final folio of volume II an early substitution when the volume was divided); IV, 410 x 300, i + 347 leaves, mostly in gatherings of 8 and with original foliation in outer corner of upper margin (lacking folios 1 and 235), catchwords, often cut, in inner lower corners of final versos of vols I and IV, some signature marks survive in outer lower corners of first folios of gatherings, especially in vols I and IV, 42 lines written in black (vol. I) or brown ink in a lettre bâtarde between four verticals and 43 horizontals, two further horizontals for the foliation, ruled in pink, text justification: approx. 280 x 205mm, text capitals touched yellow, paragraph marks and two-line initials of three types: a) burnished gold on grounds and infills of pink and blue with white penwork decoration; b) alternately burnished gold and blue with contrasting flourishing respectively of blue-black or red; c) simple dark pink or blue paragraph marks and initials of liquid gold on grounds of these colours with gold decoration, three-line initials beneath large miniatures of varying forms, SIXTY-THREE COLUMN-WIDE MINIATURES flanked by short borders on two or three sides made up of sprays of fruit, flowers and acanthus, TWELVE LARGE MINIATURES accompanied by full-page borders of similar type but always including birds, monkeys and grotesques and sometimes coats of arms (these volumes missing nine leaves with miniatures). Red morocco gilt by Zaehnsdorf, evidence of titles written along fore-edges (abrasion to leather of lower board edges of vol. I).
A LAVISHLY ILLUSTRATED AND IMMACULATE FOUR-VOLUME SET OF THE GREAT UNIVERSAL HISTORY COMPILED AT THE BURGUNDIAN COURT
PROVENANCE:
1. Jacques de Daillon, Seigneur and Baron du Lude (d.1532/3): coat of arms of Daillon, Seigneurs du Lude in borders of volume I, f.1 and II, f.1. These arms are shown impaling d'Illiers, the family of the wife of Jacques de Daillon in the borders of volume I, ff.1, 151v and 167v, and volume III, f.309; and they are shown impaling Montmorency-Laval, the family of Jacques' mother, in the borders of volume I, f.125v and 167v. The mythical beasts acting as supporters in the margins of this manuscript are clearly a version of the creature on the standard carried by the knight in the tapestry made for Jacques' father Jean de Daillon (Montacute House). A note in a 16th-century hand on the front endleaf of volume I reads 'Ce present livre est a mon Seigneur du Lude'.
Jacques de Daillon, was the son of Jean de Daillon (d.1481) and Marie (d.1488), daughter of Guy II de Laval. He had a distinguished military career, was a counsellor to Louis XII, Senechal of Anjou from 1512 and Chamberlain of François I from 1521. In 1491 Jacques married Jeanne, daughter of Jean II Seigneur d'Illiers. Brantôme, Hommes Illustrés François, and Père Anselme, Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France..., VIII, p.189.
The de Daillon arms of the early campaign of painting are in the form used from 1457 by Jacques' father Jean (d.1481/2): J-B. de Vaivre, 'La tapisserie de Jean de Daillon', Archivium Heraldicum, 2-3 (1973), pp.18-25. They are joined by those of Jacques' mother and of his wife; perhaps these two women had initiated the illumination, employing local Angevin artists, while Jacques was in Italy from 1495, where he was governor of Brescia. The form of arms later used by Jacques, in other manuscripts and on his seal, is only found in La Fleur des Histoires when painted by the 16th-century illuminator after the subdivision of the first and second volumes.
It is known that the library at le Lude contained a number of illuminated manuscripts; surviving manuscripts with Jacques' added coat of arms include Premierfait's translation of Boccaccio (Paris BnF fr.127) the Lives of Pompey and Cicero (BnF fr. 732), and a copy of Petrarch's Les Triomphes (Arsenal Ms 5065) that was drawn upon for the mural decoration of the château du Lude: D. Bozo, 'Les peintures murales du château du Lude', Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1965), pp.199-217.
The second part of Mansel's volume II, which was originally part of this set and is now BL Additional Ms 6797 was given to the British Museum in 1760 by Smart Lathieullier F.S.A. It was obviously separated from the remaining volumes by this date.
2. Sir Thomas Phillipps, Middle Hill, Cheltenham, Ms 4415: four volumes of La Fleur des Histoires made for Jacques de Daillon and his wife Jeanne d'Illiers were recorded at Cheltenham by Paul Durrieu in 'Les manuscrits à peinture de la bibliothèque de Sir Thomas Phillipps à Cheltenham', BEC, l (1889), pp.381-432. According to the Phillipps catalogue it had been acquired at 'Paris or De bure'. The manuscript was presumably in Gloucestershire until the Robinson brothers bought the remaining part of the Phillipps collection in 1946.
CONTENT:
Jean Mansel's universal history La Fleur des Histoires exists in two versions, the earlier of three volumes compiled around 1446-51 and a second, longer version, in four volumes, that was put together in the 1460s. It is volumes II to IV of this second version that the present volumes contain. Volume I is the first half of the second volume of Mansel's work and contains Roman history based on Livy. Volumes II and III contain Mansel's third volume with the lives of Christ and the Virgin, the Acts of the Apostles, the lives and miracles of saints, the Dialogue of St Gregory and a series of moral examples. Volume IV is Mansel's final volume that opens with a listing of the provinces of the world and the nobility of the Roman Empire, followed by a continuation of Roman history, and ending with the history of France up to the reign of Charles VI. It is possible that the first of Mansel's volumes, covering the period from the Creation to the fall of Troy, was never written for this set; Mansel's translation of Livy, with which the de Lude volumes start, was often copied in its own right (fourteen manuscripts of this volume of Mansel's second recension were listed by Pörck, compared to only three known copies each of volumes III and IV). The presence of the ex-libris of the Seigneur du Lude on the fly-leaf of volume I alone might be interpreted as supporting this view, and it is the case that no complete set of all four volumes is known. In fact only two sets as complete as this one, both in public collections, have been published: Guy de Pörck, 'Introduction à la 'Fleur des Histoires de Jean Mansel [xve siècle]', Annales de cercle archéol. de Mons', 54 (1936).
The index with which the first volume of this set opens lists the entire contents of Mansel's second volume of the second recension including all those sections of the history subsequent to those contained in the codex as now bound; whereas the volume contains leaves foliated up to 287 the index refers to folios numbered to 393 and includes a further 21 columns of headings where the folio numbers have not been supplied. Originally the volume must have been written -- as was clearly the case for the next volume of Mansel's work now bound as volumes II and III -- as a single vast tome containing Mansel's entire second volume. Subsequently the completed first and second volumes of this set were each divided into two sections at a point where only a short section of text preceded a miniature on a recto. This tail-end of text was copied onto a blank, but ruled, folio from the manuscript and supplied after the final verso of the first section; the tail-end of text was then erased from the recto that then became the opening folio of the second section. This is evident from a comparison of the final folio of the present volume II and the first folio of the present volume III. The index and the supplied final folio show that this was also the case with the present volume I and a further volume that contained the subsequent section. This subsequent section is now British Library Additional Ms 6797.
ILLUMINATION:
The illumination is the work of four artists. One, painting in a colourful, dramatic but gauche provincial style, was responsible for 15 miniatures in volume I and 11 miniatures in volume II; this was clearly part of the earliest campaign of decoration and illustration and all of the borders containing the coats of arms with Daillon impaling d'Illiers are painted by this hand. A second artist painted eight miniatures in volume I, and he was also responsible for many of the miniatures in the subsequent section that is now BL Additional Ms 6797; this is the Master of Philippe de Gueldre, one of the most important Parisian illuminators of his day. He collaborated with Jean Pichore on the illustration of another copy of La Fleur des Histoires that was made for Cardinal Georges d'Amboise (Paris, BnF Ms fr.54). Another illuminator, apparently painting as part of this first cmpaign, and working in a charming, softly coloured and contoured, somewhat retardataire style was responsible for one miniature in volume II, 12 miniatures in volume III and one miniature in volume IV. There seems then to have been a break in the completion of the illumination. The fourth artist, working in a later manner, painted eight miniatures in volume II, four miniatures in volume III and 15 miniatures in volume IV. Several of these later miniatures were painted after the erasure of miniatures painted by the earlier artists leaving only their borders or, in the case of the Execution of John the Baptist (f.1, volume III) the borders and a pair of shod feet belonging to a character from the erased version of the scene. Interestingly, an apparent instruction to the illuminator concerning the subject matter of the scene survives along the lefthand side of this miniature.
The subjects of the miniatures are as follows:
VOLUME I
f.1 Presentation miniature
f.17 Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus elected consuls by the prefect of the city. Tarquinius Collatinus forced to resign the consulship and leave Rome
f.30v Q. Fabius calls the gods to witness and revenge the Aequians' perfidy
f.41 Caius Canuleius enacts the law concerning intermarriage of patricians and plebeians
f.49 The siege of Veii
f.66 T. Manlius rescues his father
f.76v Privernians and Antians subdued
f.87 Samnite spies deceive the Romans
f.99v Battle scene
f.110 Leonardo Aretino considering the Punic Wars
f.118 The capture of a city in Sicily
f.125v The Isle of Sicily
f.135v Battle scene
f.151v Peace after the first Punic war
f.159 Battle scene (the Transalpine Gauls defeated)
f.167v The destruction of Saguntum by Hannibal (Second Punic war) f.179 The consul C. Flaminius is thrown from his horse
f.191v The capture of Compsa
f.202 Beasts in a wood (the forest of Cortona)
f.246 Defeat of the Carthaginians
f.258 Defeat of the Spanish revolt
f.266v The appointing of magistrates (?)
f.279v A declaration of war made to Philip of Macedonia
VOLUME II
f.1 The author at work
f.24 Jesus driving the devil out of the Syro-Phoenician woman's daughter
f.31 The Raising of Lazarus
f.34 Entry into Jerusalem
f.42v Jesus washes the feet of the disciples
f.55v Crucifixion
f.72 The harrowing of hell
f.75 Resurrection
f.78v The Ascension
f.80v Pentecost
f.88v Vespasian and Titus in Judea
f.91v Virgin and angels, the Assumption in the distance
f.144 Miracle of the monk of St Bertin, Jocio
f.147v A monk offering a chaplet of roses to the Virgin
f.182 St Bartholomew preaching in India
f.185v The martyrdom of St Barbara
f.237 The martyrdom of St Cecilia
f.252v The martyrdom of St Stephen
f.280 Stigmatisation of St Francis
f.290v George and the dragon
VOLUME III
f.309 Salome with the head of John the Baptist
f.344v St Catherine
f.366 St Mary Magdalene
f.369 Death of St Mary Magdalene
f.381v St Martin blesses the faithful
f.393v St Nicholas reviving the three youths
f.400 St Peter
f.411 St Patrick preaching
f.424 The martyrdom of St Sebastian
f.444 The martyrdom of St Thomas Beckett
f.481v St Paulinus bishop of Nola with the widow
f.505 An abbot asking St Anthony for advice on the training of his young monks
f.523 A woman receiving Holy Communion from Christ
f.533 Two devils attacking a man on his deathbed
f.545v The Emperor Otto compensating a countess whose husband he had unjustly condemned
f.567v The marriage of Griselon
VOLUME IV
f.57v Soldiers embarking
f.75 Battle scene
f.81 Totila besieges Rome
f.124 The Martyrdom of St Leger and his brother
f.132v Charlemagne besieges a city
f.138v St James the Great appears to Charlemagne
f.144 Battle against the Moors
f.154 Assault on a castle
f.163v Gerard de Roussillon and his wife Berta depart on a pilgrimage and are met by St James
f.180v The death of Gerard de Roussillon
f.197 Philippe I of France
f.227v Battle scene
f.229v Duel between Phillipe I and the Count of Flanders
f.245v St Louis prepares to sail
f.274v Phillipe of Valois defeats the Flemings
f.304 Charles VI of France at the battle of Rosebecque
[Anjou and Paris, 1490s and c.1505]Bound in four volumes: I, 410 x 295mm, i + 309 leaves, mostly in gatherings of 8 and with original foliation in red roman numerals in the centre of the upper margin (lacking folios 213, 222 and 235, and final folio an early substitution when volume divided, second half of this volume lacking); II & III, 410 x 320mm, i + 319 and i + 287 leaves, originally a single volume, mostly in gatherings of 8 and with original foliation in red roman numerals in outer corner of upper margin (lacking folios 116, 153, 356 and 471, and final folio of volume II an early substitution when the volume was divided); IV, 410 x 300, i + 347 leaves, mostly in gatherings of 8 and with original foliation in outer corner of upper margin (lacking folios 1 and 235), catchwords, often cut, in inner lower corners of final versos of vols I and IV, some signature marks survive in outer lower corners of first folios of gatherings, especially in vols I and IV, 42 lines written in black (vol. I) or brown ink in a lettre bâtarde between four verticals and 43 horizontals, two further horizontals for the foliation, ruled in pink, text justification: approx. 280 x 205mm, text capitals touched yellow, paragraph marks and two-line initials of three types: a) burnished gold on grounds and infills of pink and blue with white penwork decoration; b) alternately burnished gold and blue with contrasting flourishing respectively of blue-black or red; c) simple dark pink or blue paragraph marks and initials of liquid gold on grounds of these colours with gold decoration, three-line initials beneath large miniatures of varying forms, SIXTY-THREE COLUMN-WIDE MINIATURES flanked by short borders on two or three sides made up of sprays of fruit, flowers and acanthus, TWELVE LARGE MINIATURES accompanied by full-page borders of similar type but always including birds, monkeys and grotesques and sometimes coats of arms (these volumes missing nine leaves with miniatures). Red morocco gilt by Zaehnsdorf, evidence of titles written along fore-edges (abrasion to leather of lower board edges of vol. I).
A LAVISHLY ILLUSTRATED AND IMMACULATE FOUR-VOLUME SET OF THE GREAT UNIVERSAL HISTORY COMPILED AT THE BURGUNDIAN COURT
PROVENANCE:
1. Jacques de Daillon, Seigneur and Baron du Lude (d.1532/3): coat of arms of Daillon, Seigneurs du Lude in borders of volume I, f.1 and II, f.1. These arms are shown impaling d'Illiers, the family of the wife of Jacques de Daillon in the borders of volume I, ff.1, 151v and 167v, and volume III, f.309; and they are shown impaling Montmorency-Laval, the family of Jacques' mother, in the borders of volume I, f.125v and 167v. The mythical beasts acting as supporters in the margins of this manuscript are clearly a version of the creature on the standard carried by the knight in the tapestry made for Jacques' father Jean de Daillon (Montacute House). A note in a 16th-century hand on the front endleaf of volume I reads 'Ce present livre est a mon Seigneur du Lude'.
Jacques de Daillon, was the son of Jean de Daillon (d.1481) and Marie (d.1488), daughter of Guy II de Laval. He had a distinguished military career, was a counsellor to Louis XII, Senechal of Anjou from 1512 and Chamberlain of François I from 1521. In 1491 Jacques married Jeanne, daughter of Jean II Seigneur d'Illiers. Brantôme, Hommes Illustrés François, and Père Anselme, Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France..., VIII, p.189.
The de Daillon arms of the early campaign of painting are in the form used from 1457 by Jacques' father Jean (d.1481/2): J-B. de Vaivre, 'La tapisserie de Jean de Daillon', Archivium Heraldicum, 2-3 (1973), pp.18-25. They are joined by those of Jacques' mother and of his wife; perhaps these two women had initiated the illumination, employing local Angevin artists, while Jacques was in Italy from 1495, where he was governor of Brescia. The form of arms later used by Jacques, in other manuscripts and on his seal, is only found in La Fleur des Histoires when painted by the 16th-century illuminator after the subdivision of the first and second volumes.
It is known that the library at le Lude contained a number of illuminated manuscripts; surviving manuscripts with Jacques' added coat of arms include Premierfait's translation of Boccaccio (Paris BnF fr.127) the Lives of Pompey and Cicero (BnF fr. 732), and a copy of Petrarch's Les Triomphes (Arsenal Ms 5065) that was drawn upon for the mural decoration of the château du Lude: D. Bozo, 'Les peintures murales du château du Lude', Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1965), pp.199-217.
The second part of Mansel's volume II, which was originally part of this set and is now BL Additional Ms 6797 was given to the British Museum in 1760 by Smart Lathieullier F.S.A. It was obviously separated from the remaining volumes by this date.
2. Sir Thomas Phillipps, Middle Hill, Cheltenham, Ms 4415: four volumes of La Fleur des Histoires made for Jacques de Daillon and his wife Jeanne d'Illiers were recorded at Cheltenham by Paul Durrieu in 'Les manuscrits à peinture de la bibliothèque de Sir Thomas Phillipps à Cheltenham', BEC, l (1889), pp.381-432. According to the Phillipps catalogue it had been acquired at 'Paris or De bure'. The manuscript was presumably in Gloucestershire until the Robinson brothers bought the remaining part of the Phillipps collection in 1946.
CONTENT:
Jean Mansel's universal history La Fleur des Histoires exists in two versions, the earlier of three volumes compiled around 1446-51 and a second, longer version, in four volumes, that was put together in the 1460s. It is volumes II to IV of this second version that the present volumes contain. Volume I is the first half of the second volume of Mansel's work and contains Roman history based on Livy. Volumes II and III contain Mansel's third volume with the lives of Christ and the Virgin, the Acts of the Apostles, the lives and miracles of saints, the Dialogue of St Gregory and a series of moral examples. Volume IV is Mansel's final volume that opens with a listing of the provinces of the world and the nobility of the Roman Empire, followed by a continuation of Roman history, and ending with the history of France up to the reign of Charles VI. It is possible that the first of Mansel's volumes, covering the period from the Creation to the fall of Troy, was never written for this set; Mansel's translation of Livy, with which the de Lude volumes start, was often copied in its own right (fourteen manuscripts of this volume of Mansel's second recension were listed by Pörck, compared to only three known copies each of volumes III and IV). The presence of the ex-libris of the Seigneur du Lude on the fly-leaf of volume I alone might be interpreted as supporting this view, and it is the case that no complete set of all four volumes is known. In fact only two sets as complete as this one, both in public collections, have been published: Guy de Pörck, 'Introduction à la 'Fleur des Histoires de Jean Mansel [xv
The index with which the first volume of this set opens lists the entire contents of Mansel's second volume of the second recension including all those sections of the history subsequent to those contained in the codex as now bound; whereas the volume contains leaves foliated up to 287 the index refers to folios numbered to 393 and includes a further 21 columns of headings where the folio numbers have not been supplied. Originally the volume must have been written -- as was clearly the case for the next volume of Mansel's work now bound as volumes II and III -- as a single vast tome containing Mansel's entire second volume. Subsequently the completed first and second volumes of this set were each divided into two sections at a point where only a short section of text preceded a miniature on a recto. This tail-end of text was copied onto a blank, but ruled, folio from the manuscript and supplied after the final verso of the first section; the tail-end of text was then erased from the recto that then became the opening folio of the second section. This is evident from a comparison of the final folio of the present volume II and the first folio of the present volume III. The index and the supplied final folio show that this was also the case with the present volume I and a further volume that contained the subsequent section. This subsequent section is now British Library Additional Ms 6797.
ILLUMINATION:
The illumination is the work of four artists. One, painting in a colourful, dramatic but gauche provincial style, was responsible for 15 miniatures in volume I and 11 miniatures in volume II; this was clearly part of the earliest campaign of decoration and illustration and all of the borders containing the coats of arms with Daillon impaling d'Illiers are painted by this hand. A second artist painted eight miniatures in volume I, and he was also responsible for many of the miniatures in the subsequent section that is now BL Additional Ms 6797; this is the Master of Philippe de Gueldre, one of the most important Parisian illuminators of his day. He collaborated with Jean Pichore on the illustration of another copy of La Fleur des Histoires that was made for Cardinal Georges d'Amboise (Paris, BnF Ms fr.54). Another illuminator, apparently painting as part of this first cmpaign, and working in a charming, softly coloured and contoured, somewhat retardataire style was responsible for one miniature in volume II, 12 miniatures in volume III and one miniature in volume IV. There seems then to have been a break in the completion of the illumination. The fourth artist, working in a later manner, painted eight miniatures in volume II, four miniatures in volume III and 15 miniatures in volume IV. Several of these later miniatures were painted after the erasure of miniatures painted by the earlier artists leaving only their borders or, in the case of the Execution of John the Baptist (f.1, volume III) the borders and a pair of shod feet belonging to a character from the erased version of the scene. Interestingly, an apparent instruction to the illuminator concerning the subject matter of the scene survives along the lefthand side of this miniature.
The subjects of the miniatures are as follows:
VOLUME I
f.1 Presentation miniature
f.17 Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus elected consuls by the prefect of the city. Tarquinius Collatinus forced to resign the consulship and leave Rome
f.30v Q. Fabius calls the gods to witness and revenge the Aequians' perfidy
f.41 Caius Canuleius enacts the law concerning intermarriage of patricians and plebeians
f.49 The siege of Veii
f.66 T. Manlius rescues his father
f.76v Privernians and Antians subdued
f.87 Samnite spies deceive the Romans
f.99v Battle scene
f.110 Leonardo Aretino considering the Punic Wars
f.118 The capture of a city in Sicily
f.125v The Isle of Sicily
f.135v Battle scene
f.151v Peace after the first Punic war
f.159 Battle scene (the Transalpine Gauls defeated)
f.167v The destruction of Saguntum by Hannibal (Second Punic war) f.179 The consul C. Flaminius is thrown from his horse
f.191v The capture of Compsa
f.202 Beasts in a wood (the forest of Cortona)
f.246 Defeat of the Carthaginians
f.258 Defeat of the Spanish revolt
f.266v The appointing of magistrates (?)
f.279v A declaration of war made to Philip of Macedonia
VOLUME II
f.1 The author at work
f.24 Jesus driving the devil out of the Syro-Phoenician woman's daughter
f.31 The Raising of Lazarus
f.34 Entry into Jerusalem
f.42v Jesus washes the feet of the disciples
f.55v Crucifixion
f.72 The harrowing of hell
f.75 Resurrection
f.78v The Ascension
f.80v Pentecost
f.88v Vespasian and Titus in Judea
f.91v Virgin and angels, the Assumption in the distance
f.144 Miracle of the monk of St Bertin, Jocio
f.147v A monk offering a chaplet of roses to the Virgin
f.182 St Bartholomew preaching in India
f.185v The martyrdom of St Barbara
f.237 The martyrdom of St Cecilia
f.252v The martyrdom of St Stephen
f.280 Stigmatisation of St Francis
f.290v George and the dragon
VOLUME III
f.309 Salome with the head of John the Baptist
f.344v St Catherine
f.366 St Mary Magdalene
f.369 Death of St Mary Magdalene
f.381v St Martin blesses the faithful
f.393v St Nicholas reviving the three youths
f.400 St Peter
f.411 St Patrick preaching
f.424 The martyrdom of St Sebastian
f.444 The martyrdom of St Thomas Beckett
f.481v St Paulinus bishop of Nola with the widow
f.505 An abbot asking St Anthony for advice on the training of his young monks
f.523 A woman receiving Holy Communion from Christ
f.533 Two devils attacking a man on his deathbed
f.545v The Emperor Otto compensating a countess whose husband he had unjustly condemned
f.567v The marriage of Griselon
VOLUME IV
f.57v Soldiers embarking
f.75 Battle scene
f.81 Totila besieges Rome
f.124 The Martyrdom of St Leger and his brother
f.132v Charlemagne besieges a city
f.138v St James the Great appears to Charlemagne
f.144 Battle against the Moors
f.154 Assault on a castle
f.163v Gerard de Roussillon and his wife Berta depart on a pilgrimage and are met by St James
f.180v The death of Gerard de Roussillon
f.197 Philippe I of France
f.227v Battle scene
f.229v Duel between Phillipe I and the Count of Flanders
f.245v St Louis prepares to sail
f.274v Phillipe of Valois defeats the Flemings
f.304 Charles VI of France at the battle of Rosebecque
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