Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, facing right in armour with red- bordered breastplate, lace cravat, long curling brown wig, wearing the blue sash of the Order of the Garter

The Geneva-born artist Jacques-Antoine Arlaud moved to Paris in 1688 where he became the miniature painter to Philippe, Duke of Orléans who granted him an apartment in the Castle of St. Cloud. His talent attracted members of the exiled Stuart family gathered at St. Germain and in October 1702 he painted Prince James (exhibition catalogue, British Portrait Miniatures, Edinburgh, 1965, no. 153). These miniatures were given to loyal supporters and this 'ad vivum' likeness became the prototype of numerous images.
A similar portrait of the Old Pretender, also by Arlaud, is illustrated in K. Henninger-Tavcar, Miniaturporträts, Pforzheim, 1995, p. 133.