Stamped "B. Gardner" for the retailer Baldwin Gardner, active in New York City during the 1820s-1840s, these lamps may well have been made by the firm of Thomas Messinger and Sons in Birmingham, England from whom Gardner imported many of his lighting devices. See Cooper,
Classical Taste in America, (New York 1993), pp. 158-159; Fennimore, Copper and Its Alloys in Early America, (Forthcoming, Winterthur Museum).