Karoline (1721-1774), daughter of Pfalzgraf Christian III of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld, was married to Landgraf Louis IX of Hessen-Darmstadt. She was an important sponsor of Art and Literature and Goethe called her "Die große Landgräfin".
This miniature is a variant after A. Pesne's large oil portrait, illustrated in Helmut Börsch-Supan, Der Maler Antoine Pesne, Friedberg 1986, p. 34, p. 141 nr 106.