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A cross-section of the head and the digestive system
1. The skull. 2. The frontal sinus. 3. The sphenoid bone, with sphenoid sinus. 4. The spine. 5. The hyoid bone. 6. The mandible. 7. The maxillae. 8. The hard palate. 9. The cavernous sinus. 10. A piece of the cerebrum. 11. The cerebellum with the arbor vitae. 12. The corpus callosum. 13. The medulla oblongata. 14. The nasal conchae, showing the spread of the olfactory nerves; the ethmoid bone has been removed, and one can see the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. 15. The Eustachian tube. 16. The larynx with vocal chords. 17. The trachea.
The digestive system acts as follows: the tongue (18) pushes the food to the back; this elevates the uvula (19) and closes the orifice leading to the nasal cavity. 20. The tonsils. 21. A bite of bread that passes the oral pharynx. The larynx is depressed and prevents food from entering the larynx and the trachea; if anything does get in, the cough reflex will be triggered until the object has been expelled. The bread slides into the oesophagus (22) and thence down into the stomach (23). There, the food is mixed with gastric juice and moved on, after approximately two hours, through the sphincter (24), into the duodenum (25), where the pancreas (26) and gallbladder (27) add their juices, through ducts in the gut wall; the juices are mixed with the food pulp and assist with its digestion. The pulp moves along the small intestine (28); during this passage, the nutrients are extracted from the pulp through the lymph vessel and transmitted to the blood. The rest is passed via the ileocecal valve through the caecum (29), the ascending colon (30), the transverse colon (31), and the descending colon (32) to the sigmoid colon (33) and the rectum (34). 35. The sphincter of the anus. 36. The appendix of the caecum. 37. The liver, lifted up. 38. The portal vein. 39. The spleen. 40. The inferior vena cava. 41. The aorta. 42. Root of the hepatic, splenic and gastric arteries.
1. The skull. 2. The frontal sinus. 3. The sphenoid bone, with sphenoid sinus. 4. The spine. 5. The hyoid bone. 6. The mandible. 7. The maxillae. 8. The hard palate. 9. The cavernous sinus. 10. A piece of the cerebrum. 11. The cerebellum with the arbor vitae. 12. The corpus callosum. 13. The medulla oblongata. 14. The nasal conchae, showing the spread of the olfactory nerves; the ethmoid bone has been removed, and one can see the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. 15. The Eustachian tube. 16. The larynx with vocal chords. 17. The trachea.
The digestive system acts as follows: the tongue (18) pushes the food to the back; this elevates the uvula (19) and closes the orifice leading to the nasal cavity. 20. The tonsils. 21. A bite of bread that passes the oral pharynx. The larynx is depressed and prevents food from entering the larynx and the trachea; if anything does get in, the cough reflex will be triggered until the object has been expelled. The bread slides into the oesophagus (22) and thence down into the stomach (23). There, the food is mixed with gastric juice and moved on, after approximately two hours, through the sphincter (24), into the duodenum (25), where the pancreas (26) and gallbladder (27) add their juices, through ducts in the gut wall; the juices are mixed with the food pulp and assist with its digestion. The pulp moves along the small intestine (28); during this passage, the nutrients are extracted from the pulp through the lymph vessel and transmitted to the blood. The rest is passed via the ileocecal valve through the caecum (29), the ascending colon (30), the transverse colon (31), and the descending colon (32) to the sigmoid colon (33) and the rectum (34). 35. The sphincter of the anus. 36. The appendix of the caecum. 37. The liver, lifted up. 38. The portal vein. 39. The spleen. 40. The inferior vena cava. 41. The aorta. 42. Root of the hepatic, splenic and gastric arteries.
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