In a study of this unusual vase, Hugh Moss explains that the piece compares very favourably to a large group of enamelled glass snuff bottles and other objects for the scholar's desk produced in Yangzhou at the end of the Qianlong reign and dates the vase from between 1770-1799 (noting that even after the Emperor abdicated, works of art produced for him continued to bear his reign mark). Moss also notes that this category of enamelled glass objects with Qianlong marks relates closely to another group with Guyue xuan marks and date to the same period. For comparable enamelled glass snuff bottles, see Robert Kleiner, Treasure from the Sanctum of Enlightened Respect, Chinese Snuff Bottles from the Collection of Denis Low, Singapore, 1999, no. 20, for a bottle with related pavilions in landscape; and no. 21, for a bottle bearing a Guyeu xuan mark. See also Robert Kleiner, Chinese Snuff Bottles from the Collection of Mary and George Bloch, no. 20, where the enamels are quite similar in consistency; and in his British Museum exhibition catalogue, Chinese Snuff Bottles in the Collection of Mary and George Bloch, no. 36, for a bottle with an iron-red mark written in a similar style but in a single line; and no. 37, for a bottle with a related landscape.