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Lot Essay
The appearance of the Buddha and lotus throne and the carving of his throne with elements such as the garuda biting a snake, makara, yali, and elephant show strong Nepalese-Tibetan characteristics that were introduced in the Yuan dynasty. These motifs are ultimately of Indian origin, as are the lotus scrolls around the edges. The Chinese term for this floral motif is 'Indian lotus'. The Indo-Tibetan form of esoteric Buddhism was the official religion of the Mongol court and believed to have efficacious protective and martial powers. Its observance at court continued into the Ming period. Similar representations of Buddha can be seen in Tibetan and Nepalese painting, woodblook printed sutras, and stone carving, such as in marble at the great stone arch at the Juyongguan, northwest of Beijing (dated 1342-1345) and the caves at Feilaifeng near Hangzhou. For comparative material see, Kaikodo Journal, Autumn 1997, p. 390-93. The plaque is said to be from a pagoda in Nanjing. If so, it was probably one of a group that was set into the walls or around the base. With the establishment of the Ming dynasty and its capital at Nanjing, numerous new Buddhist projects were likely to have been initiated under the Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) and Yongle emperors (r. 1403-1424). The gesture of touching the earth, bhumisparsamudra, refers to the historical Buddha Sakyamuni calling the earth to witness at the moment of his enlightenment. In later Buddhist imagery, beginning in the Tang period, this became the distinguishing mudra of one of the five principal directional Buddhas of esoteric Buddhism, Aksobhya, who presides over the East. Similar representations of Buddhas displaying the earth-touching gesture can be seen on the marble arch-shaped pagoda base at the Juyongguan, both in the mandala of Aksobhya and among the Buddhas of the ten directions. See Jiro Murata and Akira Fujieda, Koyokan (Chü-yung-kuan: The Buddhist Arch of the Fourteenth Century A.D. at the Pass of the Great Wall Northwest of Peking), Kyoto University, 1957, vol. 1, p.77 and vol. 2, pl. 80.