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細節
BOOK OF HOURS, use of Tournai, in Latin and Dutch, ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPT ON VELLUM
[Ghent, c.1490]
140 x 93mm. iv (i as pastedown) + 181 leaves: 18, 29(of 8 + iii, miniature), 39(of 8 + vii, miniature), 48, 59(of 8 + ii, miniature), 6-78, 89(of 8 + vii, miniature), 9-108, 1111(of 10 + iv, miniature), 12-138, 149(of 8 + vi miniature), 15-208, ?214, ?229(uncertain), text complete, lacking five inserted miniature leaves, 22 lines written in black ink in a semi-cursive gothic bookhand between two verticals and 23 horizontals, ruled in grey, justification: 81 x 55mm, rubrics in red, text capitals touched yellow, one- and two-line initials alternately in red and blue, eighteen three- or four-line initials in blue with extensive red flourishing, eleven large initials with blue staves and infills of pink patterned with liquid gold on burnished gold grounds, surrounded by ELEVEN FULL SCATTER BORDERS of naturalistic flowers and fruit and stylised acanthus inhabited by monkeys, birds and flies on tawny grounds, SIX FULL-PAGE ARCH-TOPPED MINIATURES WITHIN SIMILAR SCATTER BORDERS (some wear to miniatures and borders, margins worn). Contemporary Flemish, probably Ghent, brown calf over boards, stamped with two panels of curling foliage enclosing animals and birds, to the left framed by the inscription sit nomen domini benedictum/ex hoc nunc et usque/in seculum, to the right by adiutorium nostrum/in nomine/domini q[ui fecit ca]elum et terram, above and below a panel of a boar, a wyvern, a ?gryphon and a stag, attachments for two straps, leather tabs (spine renewed, lacking straps, central bosses and some tabs, restored).
PROVENANCE:
1. The book probably originated in Ghent: the Calendar includes in red Sts Pharahildis (4 Jan), Amelberga (10 July), Bavo (1 Oct) and Livinus (12 Nov), while the Litany invokes Livinus, Bavo, Amalberga and Pharahildis; a contemporary formal hand has added Bertolf, whose relics were at St Peter's in Ghent, to the calendar in red (5 Feb) and to the Litany. Ghent was in the diocese of Tournai: the Mass and Office of the Virgin and the Office of the Dead are for the use of Tournai.
2. The first owner may have been Claes de Hoeghe, son of Jan Hudevetter, living on the Korte Steendam, presumably the street in Ghent of that name, as described in the formal inscription on what is now the lower pastedown.
3. In a current hand on what is now the lower pastedown: ende nusanders dochter wonende bij ze
CONTENT:
Tables in Dutch: to calculate days when meat allowed, f.1r, and the Sunday letters and golden numbers around a T-O map of the world, dated 1490 f.1v; Calendar in Dutch ff.2-7, ruled blank f.8; Offices for the days of the week in Latin with Dutch rubrics ff.9-26v: Sunday Hours of the Trinity f.9, Monday Hours of the Dead f.12, Tuesday Hours of the Holy Spirit f.14, Wednesday Hours of All Saints f.16, Thursday Hours of the Sacrament f.18, Friday Hours of the Cross f.20, Saturday Hours of the Virgin f.25; Mass of the Virgin, naer dhuutwysen vanden doornijcxschen ordinaris, as detailed in the Dutch rubric ff.27-35; Office of the Virgin na de ordinaries van doornijke ff.37-65v: matins f.37, lauds f.46v, prime f.52, terce f.55, sext f.56v, none f.58, vespers f.60, compline f.63; Penitential Psalms ff.67-73; Litany ff.73-78v; collects to say after the Litany, including one for our Duke and Duchess ff.79-84; antiphons for the Virgin throughout the year ff.84v-87; Office of the Dead, use of Tournai ff.89-107; prayers, in Latin with Dutch rubrics, including the seven Verses of St Bernard, on the Name of Jesus, ff.108-112v: prayers on receiving the Sacrament, in Dutch ff.112v-116v; prayers in Dutch with indulgences ff.118-122; prayer in Dutch on the Seven Last Words ff.122-125; the Hundred Articles on the Passion, with Prologue, by Henry Suso in Dutch O here ihesu christen wijsheit gods, the prayer to be said after each Article given in Latin and Dutch ff.125-149v; Obsecro te in Dutch ff.150-152; Rosary devotion attributed to a Carthusian of Trier in 1431, in Dutch with Ave Maria in Latin and Dutch, opening Dien du alder suuerste maeght ff.152v-159v; prayers in Dutch to the Virgin, Guardian Angel, Sts Peter and Paul, Lawrence, Nicholas, Francis, Katherine, Barbara, Anne, to any saint with female and male forms, All Saints ff.159v-166; Dutch versions of the Our Father, twlaemsche, the Creed with each clause associated with an Apostle, the Magnificat, the Ten Commandments, the Seven Sacraments, the Beatitudes, the Seven Acts of Corporeal and Spiritual Mercy, seven Gifts of the Holy Ghost, the Five Senses, the Seven Virtues, categories of sins ff.166-170; prayers in Dutch on waking, getting dressed, going to bed, for the dead in a place of burial with indulgence, preparation for confession with prefatory verse, prayer to the Virgin: Beghint in den latine Stabat mater De moeder stont ff.170v-179; ruled blanks ff.179v-181v.
The principal offices are in Latin but with Dutch rubrics. The lengthy sequence of devotions, including the popular Hundred Articles or Meditations on the Passion by the fourteenth-century Rhineland mystic Henry Suso, are almost all in Dutch, although the user seems expected to be familiar with the Latin forms of popular invocations like the Ave Maria. This reflects the situation in the southern Netherlands where the use of the vernacular for devotional practice was less widespread than to the north.
ILLUMINATION:
The content of the book indicates an origin in Ghent as does the style of illumination. The miniatures feature clearly drawn figures and the borders with scattered flowers on an ochre ground are enlivened by monkeys and other animals. Below the miniature for the Office of the Dead, the expected skull is unexpectedly paired with a fully fleshed face.
The rare representation of Creeping to the Cross, as the custom was known in English, f.11v, is a valuable record of one of the great communal events of the liturgical year. On Good Friday, members of the congregation would advance on their knees to a Cross erected in the sanctuary and make a special offering in its honour (J. Toussaert, Le sentiment religieux en Flandre à la fin du moyen-âge, 1963, p.333). This miniature includes the fascinating detail of a collecting box mounted at the base of the Cross, into which the foremost man drops a coin; the man behind is reaching into his purse as he awaits his turn to salute the Cross.
The Creeping to the Cross is one of two miniatures that seem to have been misplaced during rebinding. Originally, it probably prefaced the Friday Hours of the Cross, f.20, while the Mass of St Gregory was probably moved from the Thursday Hours of the Sacrament f.18.
The full page miniatures are as follows: creeping to the Cross 11v, the Virgin at half-length with the Child f.24v, the Annunciation f.36v, the Resurrection of the Dead at the Last Judgement f.66v, mourners kneeling round a coffin in the choir of a church f.88v, Mass of St Gregory f.117v
The large initials and full borders are on ff.9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 27, 37, 67 and 89.
[Ghent, c.1490]
140 x 93mm. iv (i as pastedown) + 181 leaves: 1
PROVENANCE:
1. The book probably originated in Ghent: the Calendar includes in red Sts Pharahildis (4 Jan), Amelberga (10 July), Bavo (1 Oct) and Livinus (12 Nov), while the Litany invokes Livinus, Bavo, Amalberga and Pharahildis; a contemporary formal hand has added Bertolf, whose relics were at St Peter's in Ghent, to the calendar in red (5 Feb) and to the Litany. Ghent was in the diocese of Tournai: the Mass and Office of the Virgin and the Office of the Dead are for the use of Tournai.
2. The first owner may have been Claes de Hoeghe, son of Jan Hudevetter, living on the Korte Steendam, presumably the street in Ghent of that name, as described in the formal inscription on what is now the lower pastedown.
3. In a current hand on what is now the lower pastedown: ende nusanders dochter wonende bij ze
CONTENT:
Tables in Dutch: to calculate days when meat allowed, f.1r, and the Sunday letters and golden numbers around a T-O map of the world, dated 1490 f.1v; Calendar in Dutch ff.2-7, ruled blank f.8; Offices for the days of the week in Latin with Dutch rubrics ff.9-26v: Sunday Hours of the Trinity f.9, Monday Hours of the Dead f.12, Tuesday Hours of the Holy Spirit f.14, Wednesday Hours of All Saints f.16, Thursday Hours of the Sacrament f.18, Friday Hours of the Cross f.20, Saturday Hours of the Virgin f.25; Mass of the Virgin, naer dhuutwysen vanden doornijcxschen ordinaris, as detailed in the Dutch rubric ff.27-35; Office of the Virgin na de ordinaries van doornijke ff.37-65v: matins f.37, lauds f.46v, prime f.52, terce f.55, sext f.56v, none f.58, vespers f.60, compline f.63; Penitential Psalms ff.67-73; Litany ff.73-78v; collects to say after the Litany, including one for our Duke and Duchess ff.79-84; antiphons for the Virgin throughout the year ff.84v-87; Office of the Dead, use of Tournai ff.89-107; prayers, in Latin with Dutch rubrics, including the seven Verses of St Bernard, on the Name of Jesus, ff.108-112v: prayers on receiving the Sacrament, in Dutch ff.112v-116v; prayers in Dutch with indulgences ff.118-122; prayer in Dutch on the Seven Last Words ff.122-125; the Hundred Articles on the Passion, with Prologue, by Henry Suso in Dutch O here ihesu christen wijsheit gods, the prayer to be said after each Article given in Latin and Dutch ff.125-149v; Obsecro te in Dutch ff.150-152; Rosary devotion attributed to a Carthusian of Trier in 1431, in Dutch with Ave Maria in Latin and Dutch, opening Dien du alder suuerste maeght ff.152v-159v; prayers in Dutch to the Virgin, Guardian Angel, Sts Peter and Paul, Lawrence, Nicholas, Francis, Katherine, Barbara, Anne, to any saint with female and male forms, All Saints ff.159v-166; Dutch versions of the Our Father, twlaemsche, the Creed with each clause associated with an Apostle, the Magnificat, the Ten Commandments, the Seven Sacraments, the Beatitudes, the Seven Acts of Corporeal and Spiritual Mercy, seven Gifts of the Holy Ghost, the Five Senses, the Seven Virtues, categories of sins ff.166-170; prayers in Dutch on waking, getting dressed, going to bed, for the dead in a place of burial with indulgence, preparation for confession with prefatory verse, prayer to the Virgin: Beghint in den latine Stabat mater De moeder stont ff.170v-179; ruled blanks ff.179v-181v.
The principal offices are in Latin but with Dutch rubrics. The lengthy sequence of devotions, including the popular Hundred Articles or Meditations on the Passion by the fourteenth-century Rhineland mystic Henry Suso, are almost all in Dutch, although the user seems expected to be familiar with the Latin forms of popular invocations like the Ave Maria. This reflects the situation in the southern Netherlands where the use of the vernacular for devotional practice was less widespread than to the north.
ILLUMINATION:
The content of the book indicates an origin in Ghent as does the style of illumination. The miniatures feature clearly drawn figures and the borders with scattered flowers on an ochre ground are enlivened by monkeys and other animals. Below the miniature for the Office of the Dead, the expected skull is unexpectedly paired with a fully fleshed face.
The rare representation of Creeping to the Cross, as the custom was known in English, f.11v, is a valuable record of one of the great communal events of the liturgical year. On Good Friday, members of the congregation would advance on their knees to a Cross erected in the sanctuary and make a special offering in its honour (J. Toussaert, Le sentiment religieux en Flandre à la fin du moyen-âge, 1963, p.333). This miniature includes the fascinating detail of a collecting box mounted at the base of the Cross, into which the foremost man drops a coin; the man behind is reaching into his purse as he awaits his turn to salute the Cross.
The Creeping to the Cross is one of two miniatures that seem to have been misplaced during rebinding. Originally, it probably prefaced the Friday Hours of the Cross, f.20, while the Mass of St Gregory was probably moved from the Thursday Hours of the Sacrament f.18.
The full page miniatures are as follows: creeping to the Cross 11v, the Virgin at half-length with the Child f.24v, the Annunciation f.36v, the Resurrection of the Dead at the Last Judgement f.66v, mourners kneeling round a coffin in the choir of a church f.88v, Mass of St Gregory f.117v
The large initials and full borders are on ff.9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 27, 37, 67 and 89.
注意事項
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