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細節
CLOUD-SHAPED PECTORAL, nickel silver, length 7½ inches (192 mm), with hide suspension loop, engraved on front with quatre-foil design, on back with incised inscription: "Ornament of Spotted Tail Sioux Chief." Provenance: William Starring, whose envelope with pencil note "Ornament Spotted Tail Sioux Chief" from his post at the Headquarters, Department of the Columbia, Vancouver Barracks, Washington Territory accompanies the pectoral; by descent to the present owner.
Spotted Tail (1823-1881, Sinte Gleska in his native language) led the Brulé Sioux as a young warrior and in 1866, when Plains tensions intensified, he became the band's spokesperson. Having been a prisoner at Fort Leavenworth where he examined the ways of the U.S. soldiers, Spotted Tail became convinced that the Brulé could not win a general war against the whites, and so changed his position from military encounters to diplomatic defiance. He kept firmly to these ideals, often to the ire of other bands, as well as his own.
Spotted Tail was one of the principal Sioux representatives at Fort Laramie throughout William Starring's post in 1866, having been led there by the starvation and deaths of his people. While these earlier treaties gave other Sioux bands reason to distrust Spotted Tail's loyalties, it was signing the treaty at Fort Laramie in 1868 that bred contempt. The treaty created the Great Sioux Nation and agreed that the Sioux did not cede their hunting grounds in Montana and Wyoming territories; most difficult to establish was the requirement of "the civilization of the Indians entering into this treaty" which meant there was "the necessity of education... [and to] pledge... to compel their children, male and female, between the ages of six and sixteen years, to attend school." Spotted Tail thus endorsed assimilation, according to his critics. He did not fully abide the U.S. government's wishes, however: he moved onto the Missouri River, in accordance with the treaty, but he did not move into the agency. This act of defiance raised his stature among his own people, but only temporarily, as militant Teton Sioux, such as Sitting Bull, remained opposed to Spotted Tail's passive resistance, especially after the latter signed the Black Hills cesession of 1876. Spotted Tail continued to meet the demands of the U.S. government and ultimately was assassinated by Crow Dog, a subordinate Brulé leader, after Spotted Tail had agreed to send children to the Carlisle School in Pennsylvania without consulting other Brulé leaders. (See DAB).
Spotted Tail (1823-1881, Sinte Gleska in his native language) led the Brulé Sioux as a young warrior and in 1866, when Plains tensions intensified, he became the band's spokesperson. Having been a prisoner at Fort Leavenworth where he examined the ways of the U.S. soldiers, Spotted Tail became convinced that the Brulé could not win a general war against the whites, and so changed his position from military encounters to diplomatic defiance. He kept firmly to these ideals, often to the ire of other bands, as well as his own.
Spotted Tail was one of the principal Sioux representatives at Fort Laramie throughout William Starring's post in 1866, having been led there by the starvation and deaths of his people. While these earlier treaties gave other Sioux bands reason to distrust Spotted Tail's loyalties, it was signing the treaty at Fort Laramie in 1868 that bred contempt. The treaty created the Great Sioux Nation and agreed that the Sioux did not cede their hunting grounds in Montana and Wyoming territories; most difficult to establish was the requirement of "the civilization of the Indians entering into this treaty" which meant there was "the necessity of education... [and to] pledge... to compel their children, male and female, between the ages of six and sixteen years, to attend school." Spotted Tail thus endorsed assimilation, according to his critics. He did not fully abide the U.S. government's wishes, however: he moved onto the Missouri River, in accordance with the treaty, but he did not move into the agency. This act of defiance raised his stature among his own people, but only temporarily, as militant Teton Sioux, such as Sitting Bull, remained opposed to Spotted Tail's passive resistance, especially after the latter signed the Black Hills cesession of 1876. Spotted Tail continued to meet the demands of the U.S. government and ultimately was assassinated by Crow Dog, a subordinate Brulé leader, after Spotted Tail had agreed to send children to the Carlisle School in Pennsylvania without consulting other Brulé leaders. (See DAB).