When King Charles Albert of Piedmont declared war on Austria in March 1848, the other Italian rulers declined his invitation and Italy was thrown into disarray. Exhilaration turned into disillusionment, and after the last of the newly appointed political leaders was murdered, Pope Pius IX was forced to flee Rome. On the 9th February 1849, Rome was declared a republic. Augusto Castellani was on active service during this time and, although not a supporter of the Republic, he was a great patriot and advocate towards Rome, which was symbolised in many of his jewels, such as this bracelet. They also served as popular tourist souvenirs on their 'Grand Tour' or honeymoon.

Cf. S. Weber Soros, S. Walker, Castellani And Italian Archaeological Jewelry, BGC Yale, New Haven, 2004, pp. 15-27