Details
MASQUE TSIMSHIAN
Côte Nord-Ouest de l'Amérique du Nord, Canada
Note de l'inventaire Bottet
Amérique, Côte Nord-Ouest, numéro 15
Masque en bois de cèdre à l'expression calme. Dessins polychromes asymétriques. KWAKIUTL. Nice.

Hauteur: 27 cm. (10¾ in.)
Provenance
Bernard et Bertrand Bottet, Nice
Further details
TSIMSHIAN MASK

This type of mask depicting a human face with delicate features is tsimshian. The Tsimshian from the central coast of the British Columbia, the Nisga'a of the Nass River and the Gitxsan of the Skeena River are famous for their true masterpieces now part of great museum collections in the United States and in Europe. Although there are stylistic variations within these three groups, they are all from the same linguistic family, they share certain number of particularitiesrecognizable immediately. This mask adorned with asymmetric motives painted in green show perfectly the tsimshian style: forehead tilted from eyebrows, sharp orbits, pyramidal cheeks, wide mouth with the fine lips, aquiline nose, round nostrils and finely sculptured ears (1).
We don't know the exact identity of this mask; it was shown during complex ceremonies where a group of supernatural entities called naxnox was performing. The naxnox is a spirit name acquired during a visionary experiment by a high-ranking individual and passed through generations among the chiefs and noblemen initiated in religious brotherhoods. This transmission takes place publicly during a ceremony where the spirit is embodied by a dancer. The naxnox arerelated to animals and human beings which struck the Amerindian imagination, often foreigners (Whites for example), or representative individuals of a social category or an age group, or individuals with personalities, such as vanity, pride, arrogance or even stupidity and miserliness. This type of mask is carved by dedicated artists called gitsonk, who are not only achieved carvers but also true geniuses of the ritual dramatization in which the powers of the naxnox are transmitted to the young initiates (2).

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Charles-Wesley Hourdé
Charles-Wesley Hourdé

Lot Essay


Ce type de masque à visage humain aux traits délicats est d'origine tsimshian. Les Tsimshian de la côte centrale de la Colombie britannique, les Nisga'a de la rivière Nass et les Gitxsan de la rivière Skeena sont réputés pour leur production de véritables chefs d'oeuvre qui font partie aujourd'hui des collections des grands musées américains et européens. Bien qu'il existe des variations stylistiques au sein de ces trois groupes appartenant à la même famille linguistique, il demeure qu'ils partagent un certain nombre de particularités qui rendent leur style immédiatement reconnaissable. Ce masque décoré de motifs asymétriques peints en vert témoignent exemplairement des traits stylistiques de la sculpture tsimshian : front incliné à partir des sourcils, orbite bien définie, joues de forme pyramidale, large bouche aux lèvres fines, nez aquilin, narines arrondies et oreilles finement sculptées (1).

Ce masque dont on ne connait pas l'identité exacte est exhibé dans un complexe cérémoniel au cours duquel est mis en scène un ensemble d'entités surnaturelles appelées naxnox. Le naxnox représente un nom d'esprit acquis au cours d'une expérience visionnaire par un individu de haut rang et transmis de génération en génération au sein du lignage parmi les chefs et les nobles initiés dans des confréries religieuses. Cette transmission a lieu publiquement au cours d'une cérémonie où l'esprit est personnifié par un danseur. Les naxnox ont à voir avec des animaux et des êtres humains qui ont frappé l'imaginaire amérindien, souvent des étrangers (des Blancs par exemple), ou des individus représentatifs d'une catégorie sociale ou d'une classe d'âge, ou bien encore des personnes possédant des traits de caractère bien marqués, telles que la vanité, la fierté, l'arrogance ou encore la stupidité et l'avarice. Ce type de masque est sculpté par des artistes spécialisés appelés gitsonk, qui sont non seulement des sculpteurs accomplis mais aussi de véritables génies de la dramatisation rituelle au cours desquels les pouvoirs des naxnox sont transmis aux jeunes initiés (2).


(1): Bill Holm, Form characteristics of humanoid faces in Northwest Coast sculpture, manuscript, sans date.
(2): Des masques similaires sont notamment publiés in Bill Holm, Spirit and Ancestor, Seattle, Burke Museum and University of Washington Press, 1987; Jonathan King, Portrait Masks from the Northwest Coast, Londres, Thames and Hudson, 1979; Peter Macnair, Robert Joseph and Bruce Greenville, Down from the Shimmering Sky. Masks of the Northwest Coast, Vancouver, Douglas & McIntyre, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1998.

Marie MAUZE
Cf. Vente Calmes Cohen, Paris, 17 avril 2003, Collection André Breton, lots 6165 et 6166 pour des masques similaires. Cf. Vente Christie's, New York, 17 mai 2000, lot 194 pour un masque similaire.


This type of mask depicting a human face with delicate features is tsimshian.
The Tsimshian from the central coast of the British Columbia, the Nisga'a of the Nass River and the Gitxsan of the Skeena River are famous for their true masterpieces now part of great museum collections in the United States and in Europe. Although there are stylistic variations within these three groups, they are all from the same linguistic family, they share certain number of particularities recognizable immediately. This mask adorned with asymmetric motives painted in green show perfectly the tsimshian style: forehead tilted from eyebrows, sharp orbits, pyramidal cheeks, wide mouth with the fine lips, aquiline nose, round nostrils and finely sculptured ears (1).

We don't know the exact identity of this mask; it was shown during complex ceremonies where a group of supernatural entities called naxnox was performing. The naxnox is a spirit name acquired during a visionary experiment by a high-ranking individual and passed through generations among the chiefs and noblemen initiated in religious brotherhoods. This transmission takes place publicly during a ceremony where the spirit is embodied by a dancer. The naxnox are related to animals and human beings which struck the Amerindian imagination, often foreigners (Whites for example), or representative individuals of a social category or an age group, or individuals with personalities, such as vanity, pride, arrogance or even stupidity and miserliness. This type of mask is carved by dedicated artists called gitsonk, who are not only achieved carvers but also true geniuses of the ritual dramatization in which the powers of the naxnox are transmitted to the young initiates (2).

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