.jpg?w=1)
Lot Essay
In the late 19th century, Frederick Arthur Bridgman was considered one of the most prominent American expatriate artists. Trained in Paris under the tutelage of the greatest of all the Orientalist painters, Jean Léon Gérôme, Bridgman came to represent the embodiment of the strong American fascination with the East.
It is important to separate the art of Bridgman, with its distinct approach to the image of the East, from that of Gérôme. Ilene Susan Fort writes, 'Bridgman is more than a follower of Gérôme with little creative imagination of his own. While always returning to the elements of his master's art, Bridgman also cast the East in the light of his own heritage, rejecting or modifying certain themes. Bridgman began turning away from Gérôme's meticulous painting style, studio lighting and ethnological orientations in search of a more naturalistic view of the East' (Ilene Fort, Frederick Arthur Bridgman, Ph. D. dissertation, City University of New York, 1990, p. 4).
Bridgman's first contact with the Orient came during 1872-73 during two extended trips to North Africa. At the time, Americans traveled to this region much less than their European counterparts, but the young artist made his way to Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and then to Egypt and a trip up the Nile. Bridgman was captivated by the Near East, particularly Algiers, and would return often, driven by the desire to capture the life and light of this exotic place.
Genre paintings of ordinary life in North Africa, and particularly the women of the region, would come to be the focus of Bridgman's art. The woman of the Near East represented the essence of mystery and fantasy, particularly because of her inaccessibility to the Western eye. Bridgman was determined to depict the women of Algiers in the most authentic terms possible, and to this end he paid meticulous attention to details of costumes, interiors, furnishings and architecture. More than any other American artist, Bridgman painted the daily private life of the Eastern woman (fig. 1).
In Interieur d'un palais Arabe Bridgman has provided the viewer with a glimpse into an affluent eastern interior. The women of the household are seated at the center of the composition around an embroidery loom, and the artist has not clearly indicated whether this interior represents a harem or simply an upper-class household, making the scene more palatable to his American clientèle. The women are depicted fully-dressed and the artist has transformed what could be a provocative scene into a serene image of a domestic interior, again appealing to the more sensitive of his American clients. The inclusion of the child is another element of the 'domestication of the harem' in Bridgman's work.
During his second visit to North Africa, Bridgman spent more time outside the cities, and his experience of the landscape and light of the desert was to change his art. The effects of this are clearly demonstrated in Interieur d'un palais Arabe. The artist's enhanced fascination with natural light and its effect on color and texture would dominate the later years of his oeuvre. His later interiors are open and light and executed in a glowing palette that departs radically from his earlier works and, more significantly, from the works of his master Gérôme. Along with this renewed interest in the effect of the light of the East came a broader and more fluid brushstroke. As atmosphere became more important, detailed precision became less so. One of Bridgman's reviewers wrote in 1881:
'Here were vivid impressions of actual things, and vivid ways of recording those impressions. Here was feeling for color, and for tone, and for atmosphere, and for light and dark. Here were breadth of touch, rapidity of handling, and strong effects. Here were vigor and earnestness that was not deliberation... studies undertaken... with an artist's wish to fix forever the fleeting aspect that had charmed him' (van Renssalaer, American Art Review 2, June 1881, 50-51, pp. 180, 183 of American Art and American Collections, reprint).
Everett Shinn wrote in the same year, 'The painter's hardest task is to get the color, the vivacity, the directness of the first sketch into the more ambitious and deliberate finished pictures and Bridgman has satisfied this demand with an unusually slight loss of power' (Shinn, Art Amateur 4, no. 4, March 1881, p. 71). What Bridgman has reached for, and attained, in Interieur d'un palais Arabe is the warmth, light and mood of a languid afternoon's pastimes in an exotic land.
It is important to separate the art of Bridgman, with its distinct approach to the image of the East, from that of Gérôme. Ilene Susan Fort writes, 'Bridgman is more than a follower of Gérôme with little creative imagination of his own. While always returning to the elements of his master's art, Bridgman also cast the East in the light of his own heritage, rejecting or modifying certain themes. Bridgman began turning away from Gérôme's meticulous painting style, studio lighting and ethnological orientations in search of a more naturalistic view of the East' (Ilene Fort, Frederick Arthur Bridgman, Ph. D. dissertation, City University of New York, 1990, p. 4).
Bridgman's first contact with the Orient came during 1872-73 during two extended trips to North Africa. At the time, Americans traveled to this region much less than their European counterparts, but the young artist made his way to Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and then to Egypt and a trip up the Nile. Bridgman was captivated by the Near East, particularly Algiers, and would return often, driven by the desire to capture the life and light of this exotic place.
Genre paintings of ordinary life in North Africa, and particularly the women of the region, would come to be the focus of Bridgman's art. The woman of the Near East represented the essence of mystery and fantasy, particularly because of her inaccessibility to the Western eye. Bridgman was determined to depict the women of Algiers in the most authentic terms possible, and to this end he paid meticulous attention to details of costumes, interiors, furnishings and architecture. More than any other American artist, Bridgman painted the daily private life of the Eastern woman (fig. 1).
In Interieur d'un palais Arabe Bridgman has provided the viewer with a glimpse into an affluent eastern interior. The women of the household are seated at the center of the composition around an embroidery loom, and the artist has not clearly indicated whether this interior represents a harem or simply an upper-class household, making the scene more palatable to his American clientèle. The women are depicted fully-dressed and the artist has transformed what could be a provocative scene into a serene image of a domestic interior, again appealing to the more sensitive of his American clients. The inclusion of the child is another element of the 'domestication of the harem' in Bridgman's work.
During his second visit to North Africa, Bridgman spent more time outside the cities, and his experience of the landscape and light of the desert was to change his art. The effects of this are clearly demonstrated in Interieur d'un palais Arabe. The artist's enhanced fascination with natural light and its effect on color and texture would dominate the later years of his oeuvre. His later interiors are open and light and executed in a glowing palette that departs radically from his earlier works and, more significantly, from the works of his master Gérôme. Along with this renewed interest in the effect of the light of the East came a broader and more fluid brushstroke. As atmosphere became more important, detailed precision became less so. One of Bridgman's reviewers wrote in 1881:
'Here were vivid impressions of actual things, and vivid ways of recording those impressions. Here was feeling for color, and for tone, and for atmosphere, and for light and dark. Here were breadth of touch, rapidity of handling, and strong effects. Here were vigor and earnestness that was not deliberation... studies undertaken... with an artist's wish to fix forever the fleeting aspect that had charmed him' (van Renssalaer, American Art Review 2, June 1881, 50-51, pp. 180, 183 of American Art and American Collections, reprint).
Everett Shinn wrote in the same year, 'The painter's hardest task is to get the color, the vivacity, the directness of the first sketch into the more ambitious and deliberate finished pictures and Bridgman has satisfied this demand with an unusually slight loss of power' (Shinn, Art Amateur 4, no. 4, March 1881, p. 71). What Bridgman has reached for, and attained, in Interieur d'un palais Arabe is the warmth, light and mood of a languid afternoon's pastimes in an exotic land.