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拍品專文
The hallmark on the present pair of gu-form vases, Lingdetang (‘The Hall of Virtue’), may be associated with the Lingde Academy in Taiyuan, which was founded by Zhang Zhidong (1837-1909) while he was the Governor (xunfu) of Shanxi. An avid advocate of controlled reform, Zhang introduced Western learning (xixue ) into the curricula of the many academies he had founded in different cities.