Further details
Chronicle of an emerging passion
by Jean-Louis Paudrat
The collection of so-called "primitive" art built over nearly two decades by Liliane and Michel Durand-Dessert began with around fifteen pieces from New Guinea purchased in September 1982 on a business trip by Michel to Australia. With the exception of two Sepik canoe prows, they were later to divest themselves of these pieces when their Africanist conversion became more pressing.
Before making their first acquisitions in this new field, their visits to travelling exhibitions and specialist museums intensified. So on 1 July 1984, having viewed the Ménil collections at the Grand Palais, Liliane makes mention in her almanac of a life-size Mboye sculpture from the 15th century, which had particularly interested them both. Their visit to the Museum of Mankind in 1985, and in the following year to the Michael C. Rockefeller wing of the Metropolitan Art Museum and the “African Aesthetics: The Carlo Monzino Collection” exhibition at the Center for African Art, crystallised this nascent passion. In December 1986, the Durand-Desserts took the plunge and purchased, a couple of days apart, “a small Djenné serpent coiled in on itself” and “a Lobi terracotta mother and child figure” from the Adonis (sic) stall in the Clignancourt flea market. Leafing later through recent issues of the magazine Arts d’Afrique noire, the advertising pages introduced them to the profusion of opportunities, which included a large number of pieces unearthed in Mali and Nigeria, masks, crests and statuary from the region enclosed by the loop of the Niger, its vast estuary, the Bénoué River valleys and the western borders of Cameroon. This entire world of forms and materials, many of them totally new and unexpected, intensified their interest to the point where the major contours of their collection were already clear, at least in outline.
So, among the works they acquired in 1987 [ten of which are reproduced here], mention must be made of an incised and rather stately Bamana mother and child, an Ejagham crested mask combining a human skull, warthog tusks and leopard skin and claws, an Ingambe Mambila statue of a man apparently frozen in the midst of a dance movement, and a female terracotta figure discovered to the north of the delta in Niger, which is not without family resemblance to the male counterpart statue owned by Baudouin de Grunne. This figure was shown at the Utotombo exhibition of 1988 in Brussels, which revealed to them the extent and high quality of “L’art d’Afrique noire dans les collections privées belges” (Black African art in private Belgian collections).
Soon after, Philippe Guimiot was able to effect an introduction that enabled the Durand-Desserts to meet Baudouin de Grunne at his home in Wezembeek. We may well imagine that this great collector reiterated for them something along the lines of the words he had spoken to a journalist in 1974: “I prefer [objects] that have suffered the ravages of time, which are lightly or deeply incised, and have acquired venerable character and great beauty as a result of the beginnings of the erosion process that reveals their petrified, striated and cracked wood. [...] The only thing that matters is the formal beauty of the object, and simultaneously the feeling it creates; something that is profoundly true, essential and vital”.
Not only do these two phrases characterise the taste that the Durand-Desserts would immediately develop for pieces that, altered by time, had retained the energy of the original creative act, but also the very meaning of their quest: to use an aesthetic as a route to exploring the fundamental values of the relationship between humanity and the world.
This book illustrates a collection of masks and crests from Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria and Tanzania, as well as a small number of less commonly seen Nok, Mende, Lobi, Waja and Mambila statuary acquired in 1988. The process of bringing together around thirty quadrangular panels emblematic of the Ejagham secret society known as the Ekpe also began in this year, and would not be complete for another two years. This is also the moment when the collection was joined by a powerful female figure curiously surmounted by antelope horns and a lavish tangle of entwined metal, attributed by Arnold Rubin to the Idoma people, and which he not insignificantly indicated had been the property of the Arman collection. Shown at the “African Accumulative Sculpture” exhibition at the Pace Gallery in 1974, it reappeared in 1989 in Paris between a Morellet, a Charlton and the Portrait of Birgit Polke by Gerhard Richter on the Durand-Dessert gallery stand at the first Salon de Mars exhibition.
The pace of acquisitions accelerated in 1989 and 1990, with the majority of purchases being negotiated with gallery owners in Paris or Brussels, but occasionally at public auction, as was to be the case in February 1989 with an Idoma Anjenu statue sculpted by an identified master: Onu Agbo. The most striking works by virtue of their surprising strangeness, and collected in 1942 on the borders of Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea and Liberia, included a large mask to which a high-relief reliquary statuette is applied, and a monumental Ibo statuette that retains vestiges of its original polychromatic coloration and - unusually - depicts a masked figure.
Although the process of collecting Ejagham emblems continued over these two years, this was also the period that marked the beginning of what the Durand-Desserts refer to as “the Moba adventure”, following their appearance in the Jean-Michel Huguenin Gallery in summer 1990. Their taste for variants would lead them to amass around twenty of these sculptures from Northern Ghana and Togo. Ten have been selected for this book.
As signatories to the March 1990 manifesto that lobbied the cultural authorities of the French State to open the Louvre to the "primitive" arts, they knew its prime mover, Jacques Kerchache, not only as the originator of the body of iconography he had devoted to African Art, but also, and more indirectly, for the attention he had paid in their gallery to works by Giuseppe Penone.
It was none other than the “African Sculpture - The Invention of the Figure” exhibition held in Cologne’s Ludwick Museum in 1990 at the instigation of Baselitz with the support of Kerchache's most ardent activists that would draw the most enthusiastic comments from the Durand-Desserts. In responding to the diversity of representation accorded the human body and illustrated by some 140 sculptures, they were unstinting in their praise: not just the “exemplary” and “innovative” character of an art event that broke with the accepted format of exhibition design, but also the decision to group “stylistic variants” together, giving as one of their examples the way in which ten Mumuye statues conveyed “the range of visual solutions found within a single ethnic group”. Having had what they describe as a “very strong experience” there resulting in “an awareness; a clearer vision of [their] commitment and [their] taste”, the passion was well and truly released.
In 1991, two singularly distinctive pieces joined the collection: an elegant Bassa female figure of taught rounded proportions and a face and bust generously ornamented with a network of incisions. Although her open-mortised knee joints suggest the original insertion of attached legs, their absence in no way compromises the balance of the sculpture, but according to her owners, enhances her presence. Consistent with the Durand-Dessert's preferred theme of human gestation: a Keaka helmet with features only schematically portrayed is surmounted by a human form vigorously raising itself from the stuff of the earth.
Throughout the 1990s and without ever intending to mimic a museum’s need to be representative historically and educationally, the collection continued to grow with the addition of several vestiges of ancient West African civilisations including, as reproduced in this book, these Djenné, Nok and Sokoto terracottas, this Akan head believed to be from the 17th century, these Kalabari urns dating from between the 10th and 13th centuries, and this monolith by the north-eastern Ejagham, which is probably pre-16th century.
There were also carved wooden masks and statues from more recent periods, which had been added to the collection on the basis of the inventiveness shown by their talented creators. Of great age - 17th century perhaps - and carved transversely across a section of Afzelia africana trunk, is the anthropomorphic extremity, criss-crossed with cracks, of a Mbembe drum which would once have been heard beating at the confluence of the Cross River and the Ewayon.
Shown by Hélène Kamer to her gallery visitors in 1974 along with ten other “Mbembe Ancestors”, in 1993 it joined all the other sculptures in their collection which, although sometimes deeply ravaged by erosion, retained through the vestiges of their "skin", deeply incised as it was, their essential and original vitality.
During these years particularly rich in events highlighting the rising tide of public interest in the art and traditional cultures of sub-Saharan Africa, the Durand-Desserts, driven by insatiable curiosity, missed no opportunity to visit every anthological exhibition, including "Le grand héritage" of 1992 at the Dapper Museum and "Trésors cachés du musée de Tervuren" in 1995-1996. Other events they remember in detail include "À visage découvert” at the Cartier Foundation in 1992; the 1993 presentation of the Pierre Harter Cameroon collection bequeathed to the Musée National des Arts d’Afrique et d’Océanie and, at the same institution, "Vallées du Niger” in 1993-1994, followed in 1997 by "Arts du Nigeria”, which was dominated by some of the two hundred and seventy-six pieces acquired by the French state from the Barbier-Mueller collections. Without overlooking the 4th Salon International des Musées et des Expositions, "L’Art africain dans la collection de Baselitz” in 1994 for which Jacques Kerchache designed the spatial installation, and 5th Salon de Mars exhibition organised the following year by Philippe Guimiot of fifty-one major African and Madagascan pieces from the Baudoin de Grunne collection. During this period, and now recognised by their peers, they were able to access the major
private collections of Europe and the United States; those brought together, for example, in America by the Ginzbergs, the Malcolms, the Fehers, the Dintenfasses, Franyo Schindler, William W. Brill and the Clymans, in Belgium by the Vanderstraetes, Jean Willy Mestach, Claude-Henri Pirat and Pierre Dartevelle, and in France by Pierre Harter, Hubert Goldet, André Fourquet, Michel Périnet, Hélène and Philippe Leloup, Alain Schoffel, Max Itzikovitz, Alain de Monbrison, the Weills and the Gaillards, Guy Porré, Jean-Paul Chazal, Patrick Caput and Dominique Lachevsky.
Having built relationships of trust with the gallery owners from whom they sourced pieces, and whom they respected both for their expertise and their personalities, they nevertheless felt no exclusive affiliation to any one dealer, and continued to be totally independent in terms of their judgement and freedom of choice.
Other acquisitions during the second half of the decade included: in 1995, a Tchamba statue whose dissymmetry suggests movement; and in 1997, the statue of a woman which “emanates intense energy”, and which they had wanted ever since marvelling at it in the Uotombo exhibition. Despite not fitting precisely with the customary typology, it was attributed by a number of qualified experts to the Baga people. In the same year, they acquired the first of their "nail fetishes"; a Beembe sculpture whose trunk is sketched out only in broad lines, contrasting strongly with the delicate rendering of the face. Recalling their fascination with the Bongo effigies exhibited ten years earlier in Cologne, triggered essentially by the one collected in 1973 by Christian Duponcheel, which they saw again in the Francesco Pellizzi collection in New York before it was erected in the Metropolitan Museum, the Durand-Desserts, aware of the arrival in 1999 and 2000 of a second wave of these funerary posts from South Sudan, brought together a series of which four by the Bongo, Belanda and Morokodu peoples are reproduced here. These, together with the Moba and Dagara sculptures from the border regions of Ghana and Burkina Faso acquired in 2000, constitute an index of forms, which, at the same time as having a certain affinity to the initial source, combine the daring of abstraction with realistic control of figuration.
Obtained in 2001, the only pieces in the collection to represent the nevertheless prolific production of the Senufo and Baoule peoples are a kafigeledjo, a conformationally threatening object clad in coarsely woven clothing to which a large number of cartridges is attached, and an asiè usu statuette that displays a very real and unsentimental beauty.
In the spring of 2001, the vast two-level space they had occupied in the Rue de Lappe since 1991 hosted the "Africa" exhibition of "Works by Pino Pascali and the Ejagham". This would be the only time that their gallery dedicated exclusively to the promotion of contemporary art would show, and in large number, traditional pieces from sub-Saharan Africa: twenty-eight panels and two crests, emblems of the Leopard Society, as well as two atal monoliths, all from the Ejagham culture. Visitors were amazed to find hanging above these pieces, and suspended from the mezzanine level rail, around sixty paintings on paper by one of the major artists of the Arte Povera movement. However, there was nothing particularly unusual about this juxtaposition.
The title of the exhibition, "Africa", is borrowed from that of a film made by Pascali in 1966 for Italian television using illustrations taken from various publications, which, having been rephotographed and retouched, were overpainted in some cases using a bituminous medium to contrast with the unpainted clear areas. So by the homogeneity of the treatment used, Pascali's "Africa" of wild animals, dancers, masks, totems and rock paintings of hunters turns away from the expected form of picturesque imagery to bring together a unifying representation of a world in which nature and culture become one, with neither predominating over the other.
A Carla Lonzi interview with Pascali a year before the artist’s death in 1968, was reproduced for distribution to exhibition visitors, and here, Liliane quotes some brief extracts from it. Sufficient extracts indeed to fully evidence and support the case for bringing these two convergent sets of pieces together. Reading everything that Pascali said during the interview is to understand that his conception of African art and the fact of it being driven by the "dedicated zeal that characterises the creation of a civilisation" aligned completely with that of the Durand-Desserts.
In 2003, Jean-Claude Ménioux invited them to contribute to the exhibition he organised between May and January at the Halle Saint Pierre: among other significant pieces, such as the Idoma with the forehead decoration, the mask with the statuette surmounted by a reliquary and the Tchamba dancer, their loan also included the two Ejagham panels and crests shown in the "Africa” exhibition. In 2005, "Liaisons Africaines" in the same venue provided another opportunity to view the Pascali pieces, and also all the Ejagham pieces shown at the Rue de Lappe in 2001.
At the initiative of its curator Guy Tosatto, the Musée de Grenoble made large sections of the gallery available to the Durand-Desserts in summer 2004 to host an important event entitled “L’art au futur
antérieur”, which they conceived and designed as two quite distinct, yet complementary, exhibitions. The first - "L’engagement d’une galerie” - used around one hundred and thirty contemporary works to chart the milestones of intense activity during the period 1975 to 2004. The second, in the Tour de l’Isle that flanks the main building, invited visitors to share “Un autre regard” with eighty sculptures, the majority of them African. However, at the point where these two spaces met, there was a transition: a Richter, an Alighiero e Boetti and a Pascali alongside a Kanak door jamb and a tall Paiwana sculpture encircling a long Bamileke drum in bovine form. “Each of these imposing works retained its essential character and was able to breathe by itself, while achieving harmony with the others”. This consonance that Liliane highlighted in a conversation with the editors of Arearevue)s(, and published under the title “Futurs ou archaïques, à jamais contemporains” was repeated several times in interviews with Guy Tosatto and Germain Viatte published in both Grenoble catalogues. What emerges from these conversations according to the Durand-Desserts is the relevance of time in Art: the future cannot be interpreted without considering the past.
Between 2005 and 2008, their collection expanded. This period is evidenced by around fifty pieces shown in this book, ten of which were purchased at auction in 2006 and 2007. This expansion coincides with the increased supply of pieces in their preferred cultural areas, but also reflects a new openness to styles they had not previously explored or had been unable to acquire as a result of their price.
Nevertheless, their preference remained the inexhaustible creative resources of Nigeria and its eastern borders. So, for example, when several of the Mumuye sculptures collected by Jean-Michel Huguenin in 1967 became available, the Durand-Desserts seized the opportunity to assemble a set of variants.
Originating in another of their preferred locations, the area around the western border of Ivory Coast, and in addition to other masks and statues, they acquired two pieces in 2006 that represent completely dissimilar aesthetics. Previously in the ownership of Jaques Kerchache before passing to Baudoin de Grunne, a large Kama maou mask, whose accentuated facial features, the various magical ingredient receptacles that surround it and the headband holding the mass of feathers that cover it, are covered by an encrusted coating. Its opposite in perfection of craftsmanship "testifies to nothing but its beauty": a Dan statue of a woman from the body of work attributed to the master carver known as Zlan.
With the exception of one statue purchased in 1991 from the former Harter collection, Dogon sculpture, with eight examples shown, had only recently entered the collection. Also from Mali, covered in a thick sacrificial material, armed with a mouthful of powerful teeth and bristling with multiple horns, one of those Bamana Komo helmet masks that have been referred to as "magnificently horrible", but which the Durand-Desserts prefer to describe as the African version of the Asian dragon, whose beneficial powers are well known.
It would seem that, with the exception of the Songye "fetishes" they cast aside feeling that one of them was too "savage", the only representatives of the art created in the vastness of the former Belgian Congo was, before 2005, limited to the Beembe nkonde previously referred to, an Azande mask and a monkey-like Songe/Luba mask. Since then however, and as shown here, the collection has gained ten or so remarkable sculptures: a Kumu mask, two Lega carved masks, one in ivory and the other in wood, a Basikasingo statue, a Tabwa statue from the former Baudoin de Grunne collection, and four Songye mankishi, the most important of which belonged to Jean Willy Mestach and originates from a workshop in the Eki region. It certainly imposes its strong presence, which was, however, felt to be less "formidable" by its current owners than that of other "magic" statues of similar origin. Coming from one Congo or the other, two "nail fetishes" joined the set of "accumulative sculptures": a rare, powerful and refined Yombe double reliquary, acquired at the “Vérité Sale", and a “curvaceous” Dondo-Kamba figure.
In what may have been a concession to prevailing taste, in 2006 they acquired a Fang reliquary figure carrying the prestigious label: "former Paul Guillaume collection - Inagaki base". In its successful visual symbiosis of references that should not work together - "little man and animal", "child and old man" - this figure is seen by the Durand-Desserts as the model for this lost unity that Art has the power to reinstate.
Purchased a few months later with a pedigree no less eloquent, having since the 1930s been in the successive ownership of Charles Ratton, Louis Carré and the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, documented earlier by Carl Einstein, and more recently the subject of a 1966 monograph by Christian Merlo with the unequivocal title Un chef-d’oeuvre d’art nègre : Le Buste de la prêtresse, a Fon sculpture, judging from the location of his find in 1928 (the Hountondji district of Abomey) and dated on the basis of material analysis to the 17th or 18th century. Presumably mutilated intentionally shortly after its completion, this bust is deeply marked by the imprint of time, such that the erosion has removed the softest sections of wood; its pores, which could be mistaken for a superbly fine grain of skin (...), give it the vibrancy of a simultaneously natural and supernatural life. “Fragments du Vivant”, “Fragments du Sublime” this piece and the representation of the "clairvoyant” carved at the extremity of the Beembe
drum have become icons of the Durand-Dessert African collection. Not without some pride, the owners of the collection agreed to loan pieces felt to be essential by the organisers of a few major exhibitions of recent years: "Objetos-Signos de África" in Zaragoza, 2000, "Bamana" in Zurich and "Mains de maîtres” in Brussels the following year, "Arts of Africa, 700 years of African art" in Monaco, 2005 and "Ubangui" in Berg-en-Dal, 2007.
However, the loaned works necessarily lacked the connectivity they enjoy within the collection. In order to translate their sensitivity to these interrelationships beyond the words they customarily use with rare precision, the Durand-Desserts have developed a new approach specifically for this book in order to use images to create "a visual feeling of what cannot be explained academically”. Analogously, they have also designed rhythms and rhymes that structure and energise these physical compositions within an apparently unprecedented world of understanding.
The resulting structure of assonances and abrupt breaks of tone should not suggest the application of a process designed to be seductive, but devoid of coherence. The brief evocation of the first sequences is enough to convince the reader of that. At the first questioning glance - the "look" that encourages interaction or internally intensifies the expression of concentration or, looking further, opens the mind to the limitless horizons of dream, thought and spirituality, succeeds abruptly in the affirmation of the carved body in its full three-dimensionality. A sudden shift of focus then emphasises the autonomous treatment of torsos and how they convey power, fertility and beauty. Then, suddenly, the attention shifts to materials other than wood, as carved stone and shaped earth invite the viewer to experience the tangible splendours of distant times. And so, in bursts and bounces, by the alternating use of wide shots and close-ups, the sculptures come to life and seem to respond to each other.
Nearly half the pieces in the collection have been selected for this book. Renowned photographer Hughes Dubois has captured one hundred and seventy different sculptures in around two hundred and sixty images. Engaged by the originality of the project, he has applied all his talent to conveying this world of forms in movement and materials imbued with life; a world on which Liliane and Michel Durand-Dessert have focused their dedication and passion. “To love an object is to "recognise" it in every sense of the word; it is to be in resonance with it to the point where it becomes an extension of our body and our consciousness”. The fact that they wanted to share this intimacy and allow others to share their vision of a "re-enchanted” world through their own eyes, have made it possible to capture the spirit of a collection which is undoubtedly and authentically their work.