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Lot Essay
Executed by one of the leading members of the Antwerp Mannerist school, this triptych is an elegant example of the style of painting that flourished in Antwerp during the early sixteenth century. The Master of 1518, variously identified as Jan van Dornicke and Jan Mertens II, was a leading painter in Antwerp during the period, whose rich, glowing palette, compositions and postures showed him ‘eager to make himself heard above the general hubbub’ (M.J. Friedländer, Early Netherlandish Painting, XI, New York and Washington, 1974, p. 29). Friedländer first put forward the notname after the date ’1518’ inscribed on the painted wings of a carved wooden altarpiece depicting the Life of the Virgin in the Marienkirche, Lübeck (see ibid., pp. 29-33 and 74, no. 70, pls. 70-2), around which a rich body of work was subsequently established.
By the early years of the sixteenth century, Antwerp had developed a highly distinctive visual tradition, led by painters like Quentin Metsys and Joos van Cleve. This invigorating climate saw painters from elsewhere seeking to establish themselves in the city, especially since the Antwerp Painters’ Guild offered more liberal regulations than other cities. The Bruges painter Gerard David, for instance, established a second workshop in Antwerp in order to benefit from the more varied and widespread patronage he could attract there.
This first generation of Antwerp painters laid the groundwork for perhaps the most distinctive development in the city’s artistic output. Dubbed ‘Antwerp Mannerism’, this newly formulated style combined traditional Flemish naturalism with exuberant decorative details, especially in the form of exotic costumes and capricious architectural inventions, often Italianate in accent. These elements are expertly brought together and used to brilliant effect in the present triptych. Characteristically, the figures are enveloped in lively, billowing drapery, offset against the meticulously rendered embroidery of the cloth-of-gold worn by the Magi.
Depictions of the Adoration of the Magi became the single most popular subject for devotional paintings produced in Antwerp during the early sixteenth century. Scholars have argued that this narrative assumed such a specific interest and significance in this period because the Magi, as travellers bearing luxurious gifts from distant lands, possessed a special resonance and interest for merchants and traders in Antwerp, then the city's largest group of patrons (see D. Ewing, '"An Antwerp Triptych": Three Examples of the Artistic and Economic Impact of the Early Antwerp Art Market’, in Antwerp: Artworks and Audiences, Northampton, 1994; and D. Ewing, ‘Magi and Merchants: Civic Iconography and Local Culture in Antwerp Adorations, 1505-1609’, in Mobile, 2002). Indeed, interest in the Magi within the urban mercantile elite appears to have been so strong that the traditional names of the three kings – Balthasar, Casper and Melchior – are frequently found in Antwerp merchant families.
The iconography included in the wings flanking this central subject was often substituted with other scenes from the Infancy of Christ, from the Annunciation to the Presentation in the Temple, depending on a patron’s preference. In this comparatively small triptych, these panels depict the Nativity and the Flight into Egypt, with the latter subject less represented in fifteenth-century Netherlandish paintings until after the turn of the century. The scale of this triptych suggests that it was commissioned as a work for private devotion, something likewise implied by the intimacy of the figures in relation to the viewer. Its devotional impact is equally heightened through the gestures of the figures, including that of the Virgin, who holds the Christ Child’s foot in a way that deliberately invites the devout viewer to contemplate the future wounds of his Passion.
We are grateful to Till-Holger Borchert for confirming the attribution after first-hand inspection.
By the early years of the sixteenth century, Antwerp had developed a highly distinctive visual tradition, led by painters like Quentin Metsys and Joos van Cleve. This invigorating climate saw painters from elsewhere seeking to establish themselves in the city, especially since the Antwerp Painters’ Guild offered more liberal regulations than other cities. The Bruges painter Gerard David, for instance, established a second workshop in Antwerp in order to benefit from the more varied and widespread patronage he could attract there.
This first generation of Antwerp painters laid the groundwork for perhaps the most distinctive development in the city’s artistic output. Dubbed ‘Antwerp Mannerism’, this newly formulated style combined traditional Flemish naturalism with exuberant decorative details, especially in the form of exotic costumes and capricious architectural inventions, often Italianate in accent. These elements are expertly brought together and used to brilliant effect in the present triptych. Characteristically, the figures are enveloped in lively, billowing drapery, offset against the meticulously rendered embroidery of the cloth-of-gold worn by the Magi.
Depictions of the Adoration of the Magi became the single most popular subject for devotional paintings produced in Antwerp during the early sixteenth century. Scholars have argued that this narrative assumed such a specific interest and significance in this period because the Magi, as travellers bearing luxurious gifts from distant lands, possessed a special resonance and interest for merchants and traders in Antwerp, then the city's largest group of patrons (see D. Ewing, '"An Antwerp Triptych": Three Examples of the Artistic and Economic Impact of the Early Antwerp Art Market’, in Antwerp: Artworks and Audiences, Northampton, 1994; and D. Ewing, ‘Magi and Merchants: Civic Iconography and Local Culture in Antwerp Adorations, 1505-1609’, in Mobile, 2002). Indeed, interest in the Magi within the urban mercantile elite appears to have been so strong that the traditional names of the three kings – Balthasar, Casper and Melchior – are frequently found in Antwerp merchant families.
The iconography included in the wings flanking this central subject was often substituted with other scenes from the Infancy of Christ, from the Annunciation to the Presentation in the Temple, depending on a patron’s preference. In this comparatively small triptych, these panels depict the Nativity and the Flight into Egypt, with the latter subject less represented in fifteenth-century Netherlandish paintings until after the turn of the century. The scale of this triptych suggests that it was commissioned as a work for private devotion, something likewise implied by the intimacy of the figures in relation to the viewer. Its devotional impact is equally heightened through the gestures of the figures, including that of the Virgin, who holds the Christ Child’s foot in a way that deliberately invites the devout viewer to contemplate the future wounds of his Passion.
We are grateful to Till-Holger Borchert for confirming the attribution after first-hand inspection.