An exploration vessel anchored in Arctic waters with the crew rowing ashore; and The crew defending themselves from an attack by a polar bear whilst rowing ashore (both illustrated)

The first official Arctic exploratory voyage took place in 1818 and numerous others followed in quick succession. Most of the early expeditions were mounted in the hope of discovering the fabled - though elusive - "North West Passage", whilst those after 1848 were generally attempts to find the lost explorer Sir John Franklin.