伦勃朗·哈尔曼松·凡·莱因

伦勃朗被誉为荷兰黄金时代最伟大的艺术家,他以对光线、阴影与笔触的卓越掌控,革新了绘画艺术;以不妥协的写实主义与深刻的心理刻画,赋予其场景与人物撼人的情感张力。

伦勃朗于1606年出生在莱顿,1631年后于繁荣的港口城市阿姆斯特丹崭露头角,为新兴的商业阶级绘制肖像圣经故事风景动物习作。他虽从未踏出国门,其艺术却深深受惠于意大利巴洛克画家卡拉瓦乔——这位大师开创的明暗对照法,经由游历荷兰的画家亨德里克·特布吕亨、赫里特·范·洪特霍斯特及迪尔克·范·巴布伦等人,传入荷兰。

自1578年阿姆斯特丹宗教改革后,教会的委托案几近绝迹,伦勃朗转而寻求市政机构的赞助。约1639年的一项委托催生了他最脍炙人口的巨作:一幅描绘当地民兵自暗巷中涌出的巨大而充满动态的群像——《夜巡》(1642年作,现藏于阿姆斯特丹国家博物馆)。

在伦勃朗约三百幅画作中,约有五十幅是自画像,贯穿了他四十年的创作生涯。他将自画像提升至自传的新高度,运用不拘一格的面部表情、道具与服饰,传达其流转变幻的心境。随着岁月推移,他更发展出厚涂技法,以画刀或笔刷的鬃毛堆叠出厚重的颜料,塑造出自己那张历经风霜、满布皱纹且泛着红光的脸庞,肌理触手可及。

伦勃朗同时也是一位多产的版画家。他对各种标记技法与版画的色调层次进行了大量实验,创作了约三百幅蚀刻版画与直刻版画。这些作品在他生前便广传欧洲各地,至今仍被视为该领域的技艺典范。

尽管事业有成,伦勃朗却挥霍无度,将财富大量耗费于艺术品与古董的收藏。1656年,他宣告破产,並交出财产以偿还债务。1669年,六十三岁的伦勃朗在贫困中辞世,葬于一座无名墓穴。然而,他的艺术传承至今。2009年,佳士得以20,201,250英镑拍出伦勃朗的《双手叉腰的男子肖像》,刷新了艺术家的世界拍卖纪录。

探索伦勃朗版画素描与水彩作品


REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (LEIDEN 1606-1669 AMSTERDAM)

Portrait of Jan Willemsz. van der Pluym (c.1565-1644), bust-length; an­d Portrait of Jaapgen Carels (1565-1640), bust-length

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (Leiden 1606-1669 Amsterdam)

Portrait of Petronella Buys (1610-1670), bust-length, in a brocaded black gown, bobin lace-trimmed double cartwheel ruff and pearled diadem cap

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Arnout Tholinx, Inspector

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ presented to the people (‘Ecce Homo’)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Saint Jerome reading in an Italian Landscape

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (LEIDEN 1606-1669 AMSTERDAM)

Christ crucified between two Thieves: ‘The Three Crosses’

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between the two Thieves: 'The Three Crosses'

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between the two Thieves: 'The Three Crosses'

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between the two Thieves: 'The Three Crosses'

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ presented to the People (‘Ecce Homo’)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ healing the Sick ('The Hundred Guilder Print')

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

The Shell (Conus Marmoreus)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between two Thieves: ‘The Three Crosses’

Harmensz. van Rijn Rembrandt (1606-1669)

The Three Trees (B., Holl. 212; H. 205; New Holl. 214)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Woman sitting half dressed beside a Stove

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between the two Thieves: 'The Three Crosses' (B., Holl. 78; H. 270)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

The Angel departing from the Family of Tobias (copperplate and print)

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn

The Three Trees (B., Holl. 212; H. 205; New Holl. 214)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

A Scholar in his Study ('Faust')

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

The Flight into Egypt: a Night Piece

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Saint Jerome reading in an Italian Landscape

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (Leiden 1606-1669 Amsterdam)

A strolling couple: an old man and a woman carrying a market pail

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Landscape with three gabled Cottages beside a Road

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Self-Portrait etching at a Window

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between the two Thieves: 'The Three Crosses'

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn

The Agony in the Garden (B., Holl. 75; H. 293)

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn

Saint Jerome reading in an Italianate Landscape (B., Holl. 104; H. 267)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Jupiter and Antiope: the larger Plate

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn

The Woman with the Arrow

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (1606-1669)

Landscape with three gabled Cottages beside a Road (B., Holl. 217; H. 246)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (LEIDEN 1606-1669 AMSTERDAM)

A ruined thatched cottage overgrown with b ushes

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Self-Portrait leaning on a Stone Sill

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

A Scholar in his Study ('Faust')