細節
朱銘
太極 — 金雞獨立
木雕 雕塑
1991年作
簽名:朱銘
來源:
亞洲 私人收藏


朱銘的太極系列奠定了他在亞洲藝壇的地位,標誌了朱銘徹底脫離題材的說明性和具象束縛,進入一種純粹形式的精神性與造形性,是朱銘現代雕塑的真正建立與完熟。探究太極系列的創作歷程,其中所走過的道路頗為引人入勝。朱銘可以說是自幼便醉心雕刻藝術,自15歲就拜師學藝,練就快刀技法和熟練的手藝。藝術創造從來需要技藝和思考相輔相承,那才能創造出有文化內涵、思想深度的作品。朱銘的快刀技法,成就了日後《太極》系列常見的一種具氣勢、大幅度、具量感的快速雕刻風格。而從楊英風的教導,朱銘更加理解在技藝以外,充實文化內涵、尤其是融會中國豐富文化精神的重要性︰

「一般學院派都否定傳統,楊老師叫我不要輕看中國精神,我當時雖學現代雕刻,聽了老師的話,我就去學水墨,學作詩作對,學書法,充實中國的文化。」

朱銘對中國文化精神有很透徹的理解。文化思想會進一步影響、啟引嶄新的創作意趣。於是在1970年代以來,朱銘便另闢更廣闊的藝術領域,創作更寫意、大幅度、重傳神的雕刻系列。又因學習太極拳,對中國傳統哲學內涵及養生哲學有更深的認識,遂以太極雕刻表現「陰陽」、「造形」、「連貫的氣」、「整體一元」等中國文化精神的底蘊。所以《太極》系列也可以說是藝術家對文化思想、中國精神的一種提煉、表現和沉思。

把中國精神中的的順達、隨物而生、順應氣勢的特質應用到《太極》系到中,朱銘展現了一種流暢、自然、有動感的雕刻風格。在雕刻時,朱銘發展出一種以「速度」、「快刀」代替「定性思維」、以「忘我」取代「計劃」的創作方式︰「動刀之後,改變就開始了,隨著第一刀、第二刀馬上跟進,思考正要介入,第三刀眼明手快,搶進了當中的縫隙,再一刀……就這樣,一直下刀,一直變化,熟極而流。就算念頭一直緊隨,也有刀法一路衝鋒,這時已經不是用腦子的事了,理智終究要放棄,什麼雜念都插不進來,只剩下一個很深的自我在前進,憑著平時修練的智慧、直覺,不斷讓作品成形」。拍品《金雞獨立》(Lot 949)便最能體現這種具速度感、大寫意、渾然忘我的雕刻風格。作品外形簡潔,但又具壯麗感,齊腰一道矚目的大刀痕,十分形象地表現右腿向前踢出的氣勢和速度感。整件作品似乎只有幾道巨大的雕琢刀痕,卻極為生動和形象化。把雕鑿痕跡集中在下身部份,而上身的雙手和雙肩便保留了較為靜態和厚重的量感,呈現一種平衝和拉鋸,一種似前又後、既收且放的內蘊動能。在這種以「速度」、「直覺」創作理念指導下,雕刻操作過程能擺脫理性思維,展現一種時刻在進行的動勢和創作直覺。朱銘也因此把雕刻的劈砍剝裂操作提升到如文人書畫的大寫意層次和氣韻,肯定了雕刻藝術不單單只是匠法,還一如書畫那樣,能表達深厚的藝術意義和中國文化底蘊。

《太極》作品要符合太極的架勢,也要表現太極精神之從容優美,但又有雄健剛勁的力道隱藏在裡面。怎麼能在幾下大幅度快刀中,使死實的雕塑塑材表現這三個特質,拍品《太極系列》(Lot 950)在這方面很好的表現。朱銘掌握著造型的整體意象,把雕塑表現為側身蹬腿的動勢,上身幾道極為簡潔的劈砍剝裂,著重表現一種動態、人物蓄勢待發、重量的感覺。作品匠心獨運的加大胸前人物衣袖的面積和重量感,袖裡好像隱藏乾坤,蓄蘊了一種勃然躍動的力量。又似天人相應,因為太極拳的起動,而引起風勢颯颯,以具象勾引起人們對無象和精神力量的體悟與共鳴。編號950的作品沒有特別標明是哪一個太極招式,這是藝術家匠心獨運的表現,朱銘的太極作品,不是死實的把太極招式表現出來,他是熟習了招式,理解招式之間的演變動勢,潛藏動能,然後把這種隱藏的力量、無窮的變化展現出來,他描述︰「漸漸的開始有自己的主張,不單是刻這一招或那一招,而是走到這一招到下一招之間的演變」。

朱銘的太極造型,儘管招式不同,都致力表現一種動與不動的微妙均衡狀態。朱銘曾詮釋太極的真義說︰「太極有一個最大的特色,就是不頂不丟。對方的力來,我不去頂,可以自然卻掉;但對方要跑,我也讓他跑不掉,這是不丟。如果練到這地步,就是高手了。」拍品《太極 - 肘底看捶前動》(Lot 951)的重心部份在其腿部,以具重量感、少雕剝的塊狀的青銅組成,使整個造型有一種沉著、穩紮的力量。身軀和微微屈曲上舉的雙手、逐步向上提揚的雙肩,好像飽含一股動態,正要蓄勢待發似的。作品既穩如泰山,又動若浮雲,剛柔並濟間表現一種浩然之氣。其中蘊含的就一種陰陽平衡、相生相剋、相輔相承的太極概念。
來源
Private Collection, Asia

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拍品專文

The Taichi series by Ju Ming consists of important creations which have solidified Ju Ming's status in the Asian art community. This series exemplifies Ju's departure from set themes and restrictions set by specific materials to enter a style of pure spiritualism that marks and establishes the maturity of his modern sculptures. The journey of creative exploration leading to Ju Ming's Taichi series is fascinating and began with his early childhood indulgence in sculptural art. At the age of fifteen he became an apprentice, practicing the swift cut technique and proficient craftsmanship. Artistic creation invariably requires a complement of artistry and philosophy to create works embodied with cultural sentiments and profound implications. This is embodied in Ju's swift cut technique which facilitates his sculptural style exhibiting dynamism, mass and weight. Learning from Yu Yu Yang, he further realizes that besides artistry, the importance of cultural substance, particularly the fusion of a Chinese affluent cultural spirit in creating his works:

"The Academic School normally rejects tradition, yet Mr Yang told me not to underestimate Chinese spirit. Though I was learning modern sculpture, I follow his instruction to learn ink painting, poem and couplets writing and calligraphy so as to be well-equipped with Chinese culture."

Ju has a profound understanding of Chinese cultural spirit; as cultural thinking further promotes and facilitates the flow of creative ideas. Ju, since the seventies, opened up a much broader artistic realm and created a series of more expressive, massive and spirit-oriented works, facilitated by his practice of Tai Chi and a deeper understanding of Chinese traditional philosophical meanings and philosophy of health preservation. His Taichi sculptures expresses the essence of Chinese cultural spirit such as like "yin yang (positive and negative forces)", "zaoxing (form)", "zhen ti yi yuan (union)". Hence, Taichi series can said to represent the artist's refined expression and careful contemplation of Chinese cultural thinking and spirit.

In applying the harmony and conformity with substance and energy of the unique Chinese spirit into his Taichi series, Ju demonstrates a streamlined, natural and dynamic sculptural style whereby "speed" replaces "fixed thinking patterns" and "self-denial" replaces "programming": When I start to carve, changes begin and continue through the first and second cuts, and just before my mind is able to intervene, the third cut comes, blocking the gap in it, and one more cut.Thus throughout the process of cutting, my mind simply follows the actions of my hand. Even though my mind is always aware of my actions, my cuts are going ahead, and at that very moment, it is not a process of the mind. The mind eventually gives up on interjecting any ideas as only one very deep selfless process is able to proceed; my wisdom and practiced instincts however never fail to follow as I continue to carve my works. Comprising a sense of speed, bold expression and selflessness, Cock Standing (Lot 949) Ju's signature sculptural style is revealed; the work has a clean form but is magnificent. At waist height is an astonishingly large cutting mark that vividly models the energy and sense of speed of a side kick from the right leg. The overall piece of work while simply composed of mere several giant sculptural marks of carves, is lively and complex in creation. By focusing on sculpting the lower body and keeping the hands and shoulders of the upper body in a comparatively static and weighty manner, a manner of balance and tension emerges; a seemingly intrinsic momentum of repose and restrain is carried back and forth. Armed with the concept of "speed" and "intuition", Ju's sculpture shows a removal from rational thinking, exhibiting a constant movement of creative intuition. Hence, Ju has escalated sculptural chopping, hacking, peeling and splitting to the levels and sentiments of the more expressive form found in literati's calligraphy and painting. He asserted that sculptural art is not merely craftsmanship but also, like calligraphy and painting, is adeptly capable of conveying profoundly artistic values and the essence of Chinese culture.

Works of the Taichi series are required to comply with the postures and express the spiritual beauty of ease found in Tai Chi, while simultaneously be endowed with its robust and masculine strength. How does Ju sculpt the solid materials to express those three characteristics with such few swift giant cuts? Taichi Series (Lot 950) is an illustrative example of these qualities. Mastering the overall conception of form, Ju presents the sculpture in a side kick movement. With a few extremely clean marks of chopping, hacking, peeling and splitting of the upper body, he emphatically expresses a sense of movement, well-preparedness and weight. Ju forgoes a want for detail, caring not to depict traditional long sleeves or buttons of the figure's attire and instead seizes the fundamentals of movement; its clean, swift stances of one in motion, provides the piece with synchronized movement and grounding. As with man's interaction with nature, the movements Taichi evokes an energy that encapsulates man's unfathomable spiritual and physical tenacity. Lot 950 has no specific indication of which Tai Chi posture is depicted, Ju's works of Tai Chi are not factual representation of Tai Chi postures; instead, with his proficiency in gestures and understanding of changes and movements among different postures, they are the realization of the latent force and eternal changes. He described that "[I] gradually start having my own ideas, not only of this pose or that, but of the change from one pose to another".

The Taichi sculptures by Ju depict diverse movements, expressing a delicate balance between movement and immobility. Ju once interpreted the real meaning of Taichi: "Taichi has one main characteristic which is to not counteract or lose. When an opposition produces a punch, by not resisting his energy, it is naturally eliminated. At the same time, if he wishes to escape, I shall not allow him to: I will not let him succeed in his wish. If one practices to this level, he is a master."
The focus of Taichi - before fighting, catch a glimpse under the elbow (Lot 951) is centered on the lifted leg. It is composed of modestly sculpted bronze panels which express a sense of weight, composure and stable energy. The slightly bending body and hands and the gradually rising shoulders is filled with energetic momentum, well-prepared for action yet still carries the lightness of a cloud. The union of robustness and softness expresses a noble spirit, balanced in yin and yang, tension and harmony.

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