CHU TEH-CHUN (ZHU DEQUN,1920-2014)
Lithography Lithography is a type of planographic print, where ink is applied on a perfectly level surface. The image is created by directly drawing onto the printing plate using an oil-based material - usually with wax substances onto a block of polished limestone or specially treated metal. Water and ink are then subsequently applied onto the printing plate to execute the print. Taking advantage of the incompatibility of water and oil, the drawn image will be printed as it attracts grease, whereas the non-image area attracts water. Since ink is applied on a level surface, the characteristic of lithographs therefore embodies a sense of flatness in them. As the creation of the print relies wholly on the hand drawn image, images drawn are able to demonstrate expressive characteristics that hand drawn images have, as well as a rich tonal variety, depending on how much oil-based material has been applied onto the printing plate. Light and shade of the image can be achieved through roughening the surface of the printing plate, adding more pictorial depth to the print. Some of Chu Teh-Chun and Zao Wou-Ki's lithographs have a painterly effect, almost like watercolour paintings. This effect can be achieved through a tonal technique called lithotint, with images drawn with a brush and an oil-based ink onto the printing plate. The smoother lines seen on his prints reflect that Chu may have used a smooth printing plate to execute his work, while the Abstract Expressionist gestural and expressive marks on Zao's prints reflect the advantages of lithography in allowing more freedom for the artist to draw the image. Etching Unlike lithography, etching is a type of Intaglio print, where ink is held in grooves under the surface of printing plate. In order to create the image, the printing plate has to be prepared and covered with wax - an acid resistant ground, before lines can be drawn onto the plate with an etching needle that exposes the metal surface which allows for lines to be incised later. The printing plate is then placed in an acid bath, where lines drawn on the plate will be etched with acid, creating grooves to hold ink for printing. The longer the plate is left in the acid bath, the deeper, broader and darker lines drawn will be. Paper has to be dampened before printing in order to receive the ink - which leaves a plate mark after printing, as the printing process requires a great amount of pressure, using a rolling press to print. At times, artists combine two different printing techniques to achieve certain visual effects in their work. Aquatint is commonly used together with etching to create tonal gradations, adding weight and dimension to the image. Similar to etching, aquatint relies on acid baths to create tonal areas; however, the printing plate for aquatint is prepared with a layer of heated resin powder before the illustration. The tonal gradations of aquatint is achieved through the various levels of acid bath, where certain areas of the print with lighter tones are achieved by the act of stopping out, covering them with varnish before the acid bath. Areas that have been placed in the acid for a longer period of time therefore result in a darker tone on the print. While the process of creating an etching may be complicated, this particular method enables flexibility for the illustration, and more control over the intensity of lines through varying degrees of acid baths. This allows for a greater precision of the image, as well as a greater tonal variation especially with the use of aquatint. Polígrafa Also worth mentioning is an important institution in printmaking: Polígrafa Obra Gràfica, which has helped to publish print editions by well-known artists such as Joan Miró, Max Ernst, Henry Moore, Michael Craig-Martin and Francis Bacon. Commonly known as Pol?grafa, the Barcelona print studio was founded in 1964 by Manuel de Muga, with its own facilities for a variety of printing techniques such as etching, lithography and woodcuts. Apart from promoting and working with Western artists, the print studio also publishes editions by contemporary artists around the world, including Chinese artists Zao Wou-Ki and Wang Huaiqing . Pol?grafa has been collaborating with Zao since 1976, and only started working with Wang in 2002, producing a successful edition of etchings. Wang's Red (2008) for instance, an etching published by Pol?grafa, presents a simple yet powerful red and black abstract composition, while at the same time alludes to traditional Chinese aesthetics.
朱德群

藍色季節(其中一版畫);及璀璨

細節
朱德群
藍色季節(其中一版畫);及璀璨

石刻 版畫;及 石刻 版畫

2008年作 (璀璨)

款識:朱德群 CHU TEH-CHUN
(右下);及 朱德群 CHU TEH-CHUN
(右下)
出版
2008年《朱德群2000-2008石版畫》 霍克國際藝術 台北 台灣 (圖版,第42頁)

登入
瀏覽狀況報告

拍品專文

平版印刷術 平版印刷術是一種平面的印刷方式,油墨是上在完全平坦的印刷版表面。圖形是以油脂材料直接圖繪在印刷版上-通常是以含蠟筆材畫在一塊打磨平整的石灰石或是特別處理過的金屬上。接著將水及油墨陸續塗上印刷版,再進行印刷。利用水油互斥的特性產生圖案,因為繪圖的區域會吸收油墨,而沒有圖案的部位則吸收水份。 因為油墨是塗在平坦的表面上,所以平版印刷版畫的特色就在於具體呈現出作品的平面性。由於平版印刷的成果完全仰賴手繪圖案,所繪製的圖形可以展現出畫作表達多重情感的特質,也能表現出豐富的色調差異─這則取決於印刷版上油脂材料的用量。畫面的光影效果可藉由調整印刷版表面的粗糙程度來呈現,為印刷出來的成品添加視覺深度。 一部份朱德群與趙無極的平版印刷作品具有繪畫般的效果,幾乎與水彩畫無異。此效果是透過一種稱為「彩色石印」的調色技巧達成,圖形則是用畫筆加上油性墨彩直接畫在印刷版上。朱德群的版畫作品上可以看見較為平滑的線條,反映出朱德群可能使用了平滑的印刷版來創作。而趙無極的版畫中呈現出抽象表現主義大姿態的表述方式。由此可見,平版印刷術的優勢在於給予版畫家作畫時更多的自由。 蝕刻法 不同於平版印刷術,蝕刻法是一種凹版印刷術,油墨位於印刷版上的溝槽中。要創作版畫前,印刷版必須事先覆之以蠟─一層可以抗酸蝕的底材,之後用鋼製蝕刻針在印刷版上畫出線條,將蠟底下的金屬面露出,以便稍後進行蝕刻。接著,將印刷版浸泡於酸液腐蝕槽中,如此版上所繪線條就會被酸液浸蝕,形成可以留住墨彩的溝槽。印刷版浸泡在酸液裡的時間越長,所印出的線條就會變得越深、越寬、越暗。印刷前,紙張必須弄溼,以助於吸收墨彩─印刷過程運用滾筒壓印機施加大量壓力,使得油墨在溼紙上留下印痕。 有時候,版畫家會結合兩種不同的印刷技巧,以便在作品中形成特別的視覺效果。細點腐蝕法經常與蝕刻法並用,以創造出漸層的效果,為畫作增添質感與空間感。與蝕刻法類似,細點腐蝕法也要靠酸液腐蝕槽來創造色調範圍;然而,細點腐蝕法的印刷版在作畫前要先撒上一層加熱過的松香粉。細點腐蝕法的漸層效果由浸泡酸液的程度多寡所形成,畫作中色調較淡的區域是以「覆蓋」的方式來達成,也就是先覆蓋上一層清漆之後再泡進腐蝕槽。浸泡酸液較久的區域,就形成畫面中色調較深的部位。 製作蝕刻版的過程也許很複雜,然而這種獨特的工法使得畫面的呈現更加靈活,並且透過不同程度的酸蝕,版畫家能高度掌握線條的飽和度。版畫因此帶有有更高的精確度,也有更豐富的色調變化,運用細點腐蝕法尤然。 Polígrafa 同樣值得一提的是版畫印製界中,一個相當重要的工作室:Polígrafa Obra Gràfica。此工作室協助出版許多知名畫家的版畫作品,包括米羅、恩斯特、亨利‧摩爾、克雷格馬丁以及法蘭西斯‧培根。一般俗稱為Polígrafa,這家巴塞隆納印刷工作室是由Manuel de Muga於1964年成立,有自己的設備可以從事各種印刷技術,例如蝕刻、平版印刷以及木刻印刷。 除了與西方畫家合作與推廣之外,Polígrafa印刷工作室也出版世界各地當代畫家的版畫作品,包括中國畫家趙無極與王懷慶。Polígrafa從1976年起開始與趙無極合作,而與王懷慶的合作則始於2002年,成功創造出傑出的蝕刻版作品。舉例來說,王懷慶2008年的作品《朱》就是由Polígrafa出版的蝕刻版畫,呈現簡單卻有力的紅與黑抽象構圖,同時亦傳達傳統中國美學的意境。

更多來自 亞洲二十世紀藝術 (日間拍賣)

查看全部
查看全部