Is Frank Bowling Britain’s greatest living abstractionist?

Frank Bowling described his first year at London’s Royal College of Art (RCA) as a time of feeling like a blind man learning to negotiate space: the perimeters of his chosen subject had become so wide as to be disorientating. So he focused his energies on learning how to draw: ‘And that came about from doing it as though I was blind, you know, I mean, tap-tapping…’

It was 1959, and the artist and his RCA contemporaries — who included David Hockney, R.B. Kitaj and Allen Jones — were teetering on the edge of arguably the most spirited and politically active decade of the 20th century. The desire to be an artist in this revolutionary era had, according to Bowling, ‘become urgent’ for these ambitious young men, and by the time they graduated in 1962, the art historian David Sylvester was already heralding them as the next big thing.

Bowling was part of the Windrush generation of Caribbean migrants coming to the UK, and his journey to the country’s most prestigious art school had been challenging and unorthodox. Having left Guyana (then a British colony) at the age of 15, he spent his first years studying and doing a series of menial jobs. It was while on military service in the RAF that he fell in with a group of RCA graduates who took him to the National Gallery in London.

When the painter Carel Weight called him up for an interview at the RCA in 1958, it fortuitously coincided with a visit from the gas man, who gave him a rebate from the meter, which he used to buy his ticket to London.

It took another year to convince Weight to offer him a place — which he did after seeing a series of self-portraits. According to the art critic Mel Gooding, even at this early stage in his career, the work revealed that ‘Bowling had (unconsciously?) grasped the essential truth that a painting is as much about the material properties of the medium as it is about its ostensible subject.’

Within a term, he was being described as an exceptional talent, and went on to win the silver medal (Hockney won gold). By the time Bowling graduated from the RCA, he was married to the writer Paddy Kitchen, who had worked as assistant registrar at the RCA, and preparing his first show with Derek Boshier at the Grabowski Gallery.

It was then that things started to go wrong: Bowling was omitted from key exhibitions, and suffered a crisis of artistic identity. Swinging London was enthralled by Pop art’s bold optimism, but Bowling found more in common with the brooding claustrophobia of Francis Bacon’s paintings than with the eye-catching iconography of Pop. One incident in particular — discovering a young woman giving birth alone in a derelict flat in Notting Hill — had a profound effect on him, inspiring a number of paintings of swans.

By 1966, Bowling had become disillusioned with the British art establishment and frustrated at the lack of progression in his career. As Elena Crippa, senior curator of contemporary art at the Courtauld in London, who curated the artist’s 2019 retrospective at Tate Britain, explains, ‘In the mid-1960s, there was a great wave of change towards artistic practices and the conceptual use of new media. Ongoing discussions were being had about the death of painting.’

The theorist Clement Greenberg suggested that Bowling move to the United States. The painting Mirror (1964-66) reflects Bowling’s conflicted emotions at the time, depicting the artist on the RCA’s staircase, caught between representation and abstraction, transnationalism and its consequences. He took the initiative and moved to New York, saying, ‘I had to realise that staircase.’

Angus Granlund, director of Modern British and Irish Art at Christie’s in London, believes Bowling’s move was born out of frustration and ambition. ‘His marriage had just broken down, and he had been overlooked for major exhibitions like The New Generation: 1964 at the Whitechapel Gallery. He had already established a good network of artist friends in the US, and I think the move gave him a fresh start, a blank canvas if you like, both metaphorically and literally, as it marked a huge stylistic change.’

Some of those artists included Larry Rivers, Franz Kline and Kenneth Noland, while Greenberg — with whom Bowling corresponded for many years — helped encourage the young artist to embrace abstraction.

The Tate retrospective showcased 59 of the artist’s paintings over what was then a six-decade career, beginning with his early works at the RCA. It mapped what Crippa describes as ‘the extraordinary journey between London and New York and back again, and the many references to Guyana, where he was born’.

In New York, Bowling had the freedom to experiment. From about 1967, he started collaging, using spray paint, stencils and fluorescent paint and stitching silk prints and other canvases into his work.

‘The works from the 1960s, like Cover Girl (1966), are extraordinarily fresh,’ says Crippa.

Bowling returned to London in the late 1970s, by which time he was working on a series of poured paintings and embedding detritus from his studio into his canvases. ‘Frank once said, “You are born, and you start to accumulate and erase.” In a way, these works reflect that,’ says Crippa, although she is quick to point out that they should not be seen as autobiographical.

Granlund agrees: ‘Bowling has always tried to avoid a one-to-one reading of his work, and I think his move to abstraction was part of that — a way to express himself without having to present a narrative.’

The return to London also marked a period of making but not showing for Bowling. He was, quite simply, ignored by the British establishment. The next 40 years were spent criss-crossing the Atlantic to New York, where he was better represented. Like all abstract artists, Bowling was interested in technique and materiality, not identity, yet it seemed the UK was unable to accept him on those terms.

To be a black artist in Britain in the 1960s was, says Crippa, very unusual: ‘There were issues around bias and prejudice.’ In 1996, at the height of London’s love affair with the YBAs, the artist and curator Eddie Chambers was unable to find a London venue for Bowling’s touring exhibition, and no one reviewed the show.

Things started to change in 2003, when Bowling was featured in the Venice Biennale. He began to be represented by Hales Gallery, and museums in America started acquiring his works. Granlund believes it was thanks in part to younger curators and dealers: ‘They looked back and saw his significance in the history of abstract painting.’

This summer, the role of drawing in his work is explored in Frank Bowling: Driven to Draw, a new exhibition at the Royal Drawing School in London, spanning his whole career.

The works Bowling has produced in his later years are some of his most beautiful. One of the pictures in the final room of the Tate exhibition was Iona Miriam’s Christmas Visit to & from Brighton (2017), which, as Crippa points out, brilliantly encompasses methods and materials the artist has adopted over a great many years: ‘The pools of diluted paint, the sediment, the subtle layers of colour and objects embedded — it really is a miracle how he has managed to combine all those materials and techniques he’s developed over the last decades into something quite so extraordinary.’

Frank Bowling: Driven to Draw is at the Royal Drawing School in London until 22 August 2026

Related artists: Frank Bowling