Two similar figures from the H.R. Norton and Frederick Mayer Collections are illustrated by D. Howard and J. Ayers in China for the West, vol.2, p.660, no.684, both figures carry ruyi-sceptres and also wear a combination of Chinese and European-style clothing, similar hair styles, and were originally painted in bright colours. The authors suggest 'these representations of Westerners in uncharacteristic attitudes were surely to satisfy the curiosity of Chinese patrons and not for the export market'