Details
BARDI - FLORENCE: BANKING, INSURANCE AND THE MANUFACTURE OF SILK. Records of the Bardi Bank of Florence and its branch in Lyons (16 volumes, various dates between 1471 and 1511) and of the Arrigucci Silk Manufactory in Florence (5 volumes, 1487-91), together twenty-one volumes, folio and quarto, manuscripts on paper:
A.I. Bernardo di Giovanni de' Bardi of Florence, Bank ledger, including accounts and register of correspondence, 1473-89, one volume, 287 x 220mm, 336 leaves (blank: 77-89v, 100v-120, 179v-180, 239-259, 276v-280, 309v-310, 312v-336), five leaves loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum, three external kermes-stained bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, metal buckle (upper border rubbed) labelled in pen.
This manuscript records transactions (principally the purchase and sale of silk) with many of the noted contemporary Florentine merchants including Pierfrancesco and Giuliano de' Medici, Piero de' Pazzi, Niccolò Martelli, Piero da Ricasoli, Andrea Cavalcanti and others; also payments (f.6v) to the painter Lorenzo di Piero (one for the decoration of a coffer). The letters (ff.310-321) are directed to Bruges, London, Lyons, Ferrara, Pisa, Avignon and elsewhere.
A II. Bernardo de' Bardi, Bank ledger listing creditors and debtors, with accounts and register of correspondence, Florence, 1474-75, one volume, 231 x 163mm, 92 leaves (blank: 39v-60 and 15 final leaves). Original wallet-style vellum attached with vellum strips (rubbed), labelled in pen.
Transactions are recorded with Lorenzo de' Medici, Gerolamo Frescobaldi, Tommaso di Giovanni de' Bardi and merchants in Antwerp and London. Most of the trade is in textiles: silks, brocades, velvet, damask, tapestries and clothing.
A III. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Ledger, 1484-87, one volume, 292 x 218mm, 64 leaves (blank: 18v, 27v-30v, 43v-44v, 53v-60v, 62v-64v). Original vellum, vellum ties.
Transactions are recorded with merchants in Florence and other Italian cities, and in Avignon, Geneva, Montpellier, Paris, Bruges and elsewhere. The trade is in textiles, gold and precious stones, sugar (Portugal and Madeira) and spices.
A IV. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Ledger with accounts and register of correspondence, 1484-87, one volume, 90 leaves (83 numbered twice; blank: 9v-10v, 24-24v, 31v-32v, 50-50v, 59v, 70v, 90v). Original wallet-style vellum, attached with vellum ties, labelled in pen.
This is a copy of three separate texts, the second being a transcript of A III. The first details transactions with most of the great commercial houses of the day: Medici, Ricasoli, Strozzi, Portinari, Arrigucci and Tornabuoni.
A V. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Register of debtors and creditors, 1487-89, one volume, 290 x 215mm, 192 leaves (blank: 88-94v, 144-149v, 144-149v, 170-179v, 181v-183, 185-192v), one loosely inserted leaf. Original wallet-style vellum with three goatskin bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, some strips defective, metal buckle, labelled in pen.
A VI. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Accounts book with miscellaneous memoranda, 1487-89, one volume, 333 x 237mm, 240 leaves (blank: 45v-49, 204v-240), one leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum, with five goatskin bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, some strips defective, metal buckle, labelled in pen.
The text provides details of the textile and spice trades. Most of the great merchant houses of the period are represented.
A VII. Filippo di Giovanni Arrigucci and Company of Florence, silk manufacturers, Register of silk weavers and details of silk made by the company, 1487-91, one volume, 332 x 238 mm, 192 leaves (blank: 44-100v, 114-120v, 128-140v; 142v-160v, 165-182v, 185-191, 192), one contemporary leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum, with three pigskin bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, some strips defective, metal buckle, rubbed, damage to lower spine and repairs to upper wrapper, labelled in pen.
The first part of the volume (ff.1-100) contains the names of the women who wove the silk and their addresses in Florence; also, details of the work they were given, and of the origin, quality, quantity and weight of the silk.
A VIII. Filippo di Giovanni Arrigucci and Company of Florence, silk manufacturers, Register of weavers and dyers, 1487-91, one volume, 404 x 293 mm, 192 leaves (blank: 127-160v, 191v-192), index and one leaf loosely inserted. Original vellum with three pigskin bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers.
The manuscript is in two parts: ff.1-126 relate to the weavers and the remainder to the dyers. Most of the weavers are from Florence or environs and their place of abode is given, also the nature of their work with the textiles (including wool).
A IX. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Account Book, 1490, one volume, 338 x 230mm, 239 leaves (blank: 13v-69, 105v-239), index loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum with five external pigskin bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, metal buckle, labelled in pen.
The financial transactions detailed in this manuscript clearly indicate the European importance of the Bardi company at this date.
B I. Bernardo de' Bardi, Ledger listing creditors and debtors, with accounts and register of correspondence, Florence, 1468-91, one volume, 235 x 165mm, 96 leaves (blank: 44v-91v, 93v-96v), one leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum attached with vellum ties, labelled in pen.
Most of the trade itemised is in textiles including clothing from London. Representatives of both the Canigiani and the Frescobaldi families are recorded as trading partners in London.
B II. Bernardo de' Bardi, Ledger listing creditors and debtors, with register of contracts and correspondence, Florence, 1471-73, one volume, 233 x 167mm, 78 leaves (blank: 45v-50, 59v-76, 79-79v). Original wallet-style vellum, damage to border or lower cover and spine, labelled in pen.
The letters are addressed to England, Spain, France and The Netherlands.
B III. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Ledger listing creditors and debtors, 1484-87, two volumes (one largely a copy):
(a.) 337 x 235mm, 146 leaves (blank: 118v-144, 146-146v), index volume and one leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style kermes-stained pigskin, blindstamped with intersecting double fillets and small circles, lined with kid, attached with five external bands with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers (some defective), metal buckle.
(b.) Copy of (a.) but with some variants, 337 x 235mm, 128 leaves (blank: 118v-127), one leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum attached with vellum and goatskin ties, rubbed, lower spine damaged, labelled in pen.
B. IV. Bernardo de' Bardi, Register of accounts, remittances and contracts, Florence, 1489-1511, one volume, 290 x 204mm, 64 leaves (blank: 4v-30, 57v-60, 62-64v). Original wallet-style vellum with two external goatskin bands attached with cross-hatched vellum strips, labelled in pen.
This manuscript contains some personal details about the life of Bardi.
B V. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Account Book, 1484-87, one volume, 290 x 219mm, 48 leaves (blank: 9v-16v, 29-32v, 39v-48v). Original wallet-style vellum attached with vellum ties, labelled in pen.
B VI. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Account Book, [late fifteenth century], one volume, 291 x 217mm, 115 leaves (blank: 14 and 14v, 30v, 31, 115v, 116-126). Original wallet-style vellum attached with vellum ties, labelled in pen.
B VII. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Account Book, 1487-89, one volume, 288 x 213mm, 96 leaves (blank: 20-30v, 43-60v, 76v-93v, 94v-96v). Original wallet-style vellum with two external goatskin bands attached with cross-hatched vellum strips (one defective), some damage to upper and lower wrapper, labelled in pen.
B VIII. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Register of debtors and creditors, clothing manufacturers, 1487-90, one volume, 407 x 290mm, 240 leaves (blank: 184-240), index volume and three letters dated 1488 loosely inserted. Original wallet-style goatskin, lined with kid, with intersecting multiple-fillet rolls, S-tool and small star stamps, with five external bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips (some damaged) on upper and lower covers, lacks buckle.
This records trade in textiles, spices, rock-alum (for dye), flax and hides and there are frequent references to European fairs.
B IX. Giovanni Arrigucci and Company of Florence, silk manufacturers, Register of debtors and creditors, 1487-91, 335 x 238 mm, one volume, 252 leaves (blank: 197v-252), index volume bound in, one leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style pigskin lined with kid, blindstamped with intersecting six-fillet roll, small rosette stamp on spine, with five external bands attached with plaited vellum on spine and with cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, metal buckle.
B X. Filippo di Giovanni Arrigucci and Company of Florence, silk manufacturers, Account Book, 1487-91, one volume, 331 x 236mm, 272 leaves (blank: 191 and 191v, 192 and 192v, 230v-272), (first leaf rubbed and stained). Original wallet-style vellum, three external bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine, cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, metal buckle, rodent damage to outer border of upper cover, stained and rubbed, labelled in pen.
B XI. Filippo di Giovanni Arrighucci and Company of Florence, silk manufacturers, Register of the manufactory, 1487-91, one volume, 287 x 215mm, 64 leaves, (rodent damage to lower border of title-page affecting one line of text, title-page rubbed and stained). Original vellum (defective), two external bands attached with vellum strips (one damaged), labelled in pen.
THESE ACCOUNT BOOKS PROVIDE A RICH RESOURCE FOR THE STUDY OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL HISTORY. The Bardi family of Florence was operating on an international scale as merchants and bankers before 1300 and in the fifteenth century was one of the most powerful trading houses in Europe.
The records of the silk manufactory belonging to the Arrigucci family (mentioned by Dante as one of the older families surviving into his own day), give minute details on a Florentine industry which had by the end of the fifteenth century rivalled in commercial importance that of wool. Silk production relied more than the woollen industry on lighter tasks such as weaving and spinning which could be performed by women at home, so that this record of female labour is of particular interest.
OF PARTICULAR INTEREST ARE THE REFERENCES TO A CAPTAIN COLOMBO (A I, ff.3, 5, 35, 186-190; A II, 66, 73), in the service of Louis XI of France, who captured on 12 October 1474 two ships, the Capitana and the Nunziata sailing under the flag of Ferdinand, King of Naples. The ship had sailed from Flanders with a cargo of textiles; the amount of money demanded from Louis in compensation for the loss of this cargo was 29,626 scudi and this sum was given to Bernardo de' Bardi for distribution. The precise apportionment is given (B IV, f.40), the recipients including Lorenzo de' Medici and Tommaso Portinari and Company of Bruges (Portinari was the patron of Hugo van der Goes and Hans Memling); Giovanni de' Bardi and Company of London; Francesco and Andrea de' Pazzi and Company of Bruges; Agniolo Tani (the patron of Memling) and members of the Capponi and Martelli families. There are also details of the insurance claim (A II, 75v). The information derived from these account books ties in suggestively with a story quoted by Hernando Colón, son of Christopher Columbus, of the latter's youthful adventures as a corsair in the Mediterranean and his attempted capture at the instigation of King René of Anjou of the Aragonese ship Fernandina (see William D. Phillips Jr and Carta Rahn Phillips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 93-4).
Andrea de' Pazzi and Company of Bruges; Agniolo Tani (the patron of Memling) and members of the Capponi and Martelli families. There are also details of the insurance claim (A II, 75v). The information derived from these account books ties in suggestively with a story quoted by Hernando Colón, son of Christopher Columbus, of the latter's youthful adventures as a corsair in the Mediterranean and his attempted capture at the instigation of King René of Anjou of the Aragonese ship Fernandina (see William D. Phillips Jr and Carta Rahn Phillips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 93-4).
A.I. Bernardo di Giovanni de' Bardi of Florence, Bank ledger, including accounts and register of correspondence, 1473-89, one volume, 287 x 220mm, 336 leaves (blank: 77-89v, 100v-120, 179v-180, 239-259, 276v-280, 309v-310, 312v-336), five leaves loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum, three external kermes-stained bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, metal buckle (upper border rubbed) labelled in pen.
This manuscript records transactions (principally the purchase and sale of silk) with many of the noted contemporary Florentine merchants including Pierfrancesco and Giuliano de' Medici, Piero de' Pazzi, Niccolò Martelli, Piero da Ricasoli, Andrea Cavalcanti and others; also payments (f.6v) to the painter Lorenzo di Piero (one for the decoration of a coffer). The letters (ff.310-321) are directed to Bruges, London, Lyons, Ferrara, Pisa, Avignon and elsewhere.
A II. Bernardo de' Bardi, Bank ledger listing creditors and debtors, with accounts and register of correspondence, Florence, 1474-75, one volume, 231 x 163mm, 92 leaves (blank: 39v-60 and 15 final leaves). Original wallet-style vellum attached with vellum strips (rubbed), labelled in pen.
Transactions are recorded with Lorenzo de' Medici, Gerolamo Frescobaldi, Tommaso di Giovanni de' Bardi and merchants in Antwerp and London. Most of the trade is in textiles: silks, brocades, velvet, damask, tapestries and clothing.
A III. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Ledger, 1484-87, one volume, 292 x 218mm, 64 leaves (blank: 18v, 27v-30v, 43v-44v, 53v-60v, 62v-64v). Original vellum, vellum ties.
Transactions are recorded with merchants in Florence and other Italian cities, and in Avignon, Geneva, Montpellier, Paris, Bruges and elsewhere. The trade is in textiles, gold and precious stones, sugar (Portugal and Madeira) and spices.
A IV. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Ledger with accounts and register of correspondence, 1484-87, one volume, 90 leaves (83 numbered twice; blank: 9v-10v, 24-24v, 31v-32v, 50-50v, 59v, 70v, 90v). Original wallet-style vellum, attached with vellum ties, labelled in pen.
This is a copy of three separate texts, the second being a transcript of A III. The first details transactions with most of the great commercial houses of the day: Medici, Ricasoli, Strozzi, Portinari, Arrigucci and Tornabuoni.
A V. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Register of debtors and creditors, 1487-89, one volume, 290 x 215mm, 192 leaves (blank: 88-94v, 144-149v, 144-149v, 170-179v, 181v-183, 185-192v), one loosely inserted leaf. Original wallet-style vellum with three goatskin bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, some strips defective, metal buckle, labelled in pen.
A VI. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Accounts book with miscellaneous memoranda, 1487-89, one volume, 333 x 237mm, 240 leaves (blank: 45v-49, 204v-240), one leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum, with five goatskin bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, some strips defective, metal buckle, labelled in pen.
The text provides details of the textile and spice trades. Most of the great merchant houses of the period are represented.
A VII. Filippo di Giovanni Arrigucci and Company of Florence, silk manufacturers, Register of silk weavers and details of silk made by the company, 1487-91, one volume, 332 x 238 mm, 192 leaves (blank: 44-100v, 114-120v, 128-140v; 142v-160v, 165-182v, 185-191, 192), one contemporary leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum, with three pigskin bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, some strips defective, metal buckle, rubbed, damage to lower spine and repairs to upper wrapper, labelled in pen.
The first part of the volume (ff.1-100) contains the names of the women who wove the silk and their addresses in Florence; also, details of the work they were given, and of the origin, quality, quantity and weight of the silk.
A VIII. Filippo di Giovanni Arrigucci and Company of Florence, silk manufacturers, Register of weavers and dyers, 1487-91, one volume, 404 x 293 mm, 192 leaves (blank: 127-160v, 191v-192), index and one leaf loosely inserted. Original vellum with three pigskin bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers.
The manuscript is in two parts: ff.1-126 relate to the weavers and the remainder to the dyers. Most of the weavers are from Florence or environs and their place of abode is given, also the nature of their work with the textiles (including wool).
A IX. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Account Book, 1490, one volume, 338 x 230mm, 239 leaves (blank: 13v-69, 105v-239), index loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum with five external pigskin bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, metal buckle, labelled in pen.
The financial transactions detailed in this manuscript clearly indicate the European importance of the Bardi company at this date.
B I. Bernardo de' Bardi, Ledger listing creditors and debtors, with accounts and register of correspondence, Florence, 1468-91, one volume, 235 x 165mm, 96 leaves (blank: 44v-91v, 93v-96v), one leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum attached with vellum ties, labelled in pen.
Most of the trade itemised is in textiles including clothing from London. Representatives of both the Canigiani and the Frescobaldi families are recorded as trading partners in London.
B II. Bernardo de' Bardi, Ledger listing creditors and debtors, with register of contracts and correspondence, Florence, 1471-73, one volume, 233 x 167mm, 78 leaves (blank: 45v-50, 59v-76, 79-79v). Original wallet-style vellum, damage to border or lower cover and spine, labelled in pen.
The letters are addressed to England, Spain, France and The Netherlands.
B III. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Ledger listing creditors and debtors, 1484-87, two volumes (one largely a copy):
(a.) 337 x 235mm, 146 leaves (blank: 118v-144, 146-146v), index volume and one leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style kermes-stained pigskin, blindstamped with intersecting double fillets and small circles, lined with kid, attached with five external bands with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers (some defective), metal buckle.
(b.) Copy of (a.) but with some variants, 337 x 235mm, 128 leaves (blank: 118v-127), one leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style vellum attached with vellum and goatskin ties, rubbed, lower spine damaged, labelled in pen.
B. IV. Bernardo de' Bardi, Register of accounts, remittances and contracts, Florence, 1489-1511, one volume, 290 x 204mm, 64 leaves (blank: 4v-30, 57v-60, 62-64v). Original wallet-style vellum with two external goatskin bands attached with cross-hatched vellum strips, labelled in pen.
This manuscript contains some personal details about the life of Bardi.
B V. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Account Book, 1484-87, one volume, 290 x 219mm, 48 leaves (blank: 9v-16v, 29-32v, 39v-48v). Original wallet-style vellum attached with vellum ties, labelled in pen.
B VI. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Account Book, [late fifteenth century], one volume, 291 x 217mm, 115 leaves (blank: 14 and 14v, 30v, 31, 115v, 116-126). Original wallet-style vellum attached with vellum ties, labelled in pen.
B VII. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Account Book, 1487-89, one volume, 288 x 213mm, 96 leaves (blank: 20-30v, 43-60v, 76v-93v, 94v-96v). Original wallet-style vellum with two external goatskin bands attached with cross-hatched vellum strips (one defective), some damage to upper and lower wrapper, labelled in pen.
B VIII. Bernardo de' Bardi and Company of Lyons, Register of debtors and creditors, clothing manufacturers, 1487-90, one volume, 407 x 290mm, 240 leaves (blank: 184-240), index volume and three letters dated 1488 loosely inserted. Original wallet-style goatskin, lined with kid, with intersecting multiple-fillet rolls, S-tool and small star stamps, with five external bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine and cross-hatched vellum strips (some damaged) on upper and lower covers, lacks buckle.
This records trade in textiles, spices, rock-alum (for dye), flax and hides and there are frequent references to European fairs.
B IX. Giovanni Arrigucci and Company of Florence, silk manufacturers, Register of debtors and creditors, 1487-91, 335 x 238 mm, one volume, 252 leaves (blank: 197v-252), index volume bound in, one leaf loosely inserted. Original wallet-style pigskin lined with kid, blindstamped with intersecting six-fillet roll, small rosette stamp on spine, with five external bands attached with plaited vellum on spine and with cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, metal buckle.
B X. Filippo di Giovanni Arrigucci and Company of Florence, silk manufacturers, Account Book, 1487-91, one volume, 331 x 236mm, 272 leaves (blank: 191 and 191v, 192 and 192v, 230v-272), (first leaf rubbed and stained). Original wallet-style vellum, three external bands attached with plaited vellum strips on spine, cross-hatched vellum strips on upper and lower covers, metal buckle, rodent damage to outer border of upper cover, stained and rubbed, labelled in pen.
B XI. Filippo di Giovanni Arrighucci and Company of Florence, silk manufacturers, Register of the manufactory, 1487-91, one volume, 287 x 215mm, 64 leaves, (rodent damage to lower border of title-page affecting one line of text, title-page rubbed and stained). Original vellum (defective), two external bands attached with vellum strips (one damaged), labelled in pen.
THESE ACCOUNT BOOKS PROVIDE A RICH RESOURCE FOR THE STUDY OF EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL HISTORY. The Bardi family of Florence was operating on an international scale as merchants and bankers before 1300 and in the fifteenth century was one of the most powerful trading houses in Europe.
The records of the silk manufactory belonging to the Arrigucci family (mentioned by Dante as one of the older families surviving into his own day), give minute details on a Florentine industry which had by the end of the fifteenth century rivalled in commercial importance that of wool. Silk production relied more than the woollen industry on lighter tasks such as weaving and spinning which could be performed by women at home, so that this record of female labour is of particular interest.
OF PARTICULAR INTEREST ARE THE REFERENCES TO A CAPTAIN COLOMBO (A I, ff.3, 5, 35, 186-190; A II, 66, 73), in the service of Louis XI of France, who captured on 12 October 1474 two ships, the Capitana and the Nunziata sailing under the flag of Ferdinand, King of Naples. The ship had sailed from Flanders with a cargo of textiles; the amount of money demanded from Louis in compensation for the loss of this cargo was 29,626 scudi and this sum was given to Bernardo de' Bardi for distribution. The precise apportionment is given (B IV, f.40), the recipients including Lorenzo de' Medici and Tommaso Portinari and Company of Bruges (Portinari was the patron of Hugo van der Goes and Hans Memling); Giovanni de' Bardi and Company of London; Francesco and Andrea de' Pazzi and Company of Bruges; Agniolo Tani (the patron of Memling) and members of the Capponi and Martelli families. There are also details of the insurance claim (A II, 75v). The information derived from these account books ties in suggestively with a story quoted by Hernando Colón, son of Christopher Columbus, of the latter's youthful adventures as a corsair in the Mediterranean and his attempted capture at the instigation of King René of Anjou of the Aragonese ship Fernandina (see William D. Phillips Jr and Carta Rahn Phillips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 93-4).
Andrea de' Pazzi and Company of Bruges; Agniolo Tani (the patron of Memling) and members of the Capponi and Martelli families. There are also details of the insurance claim (A II, 75v). The information derived from these account books ties in suggestively with a story quoted by Hernando Colón, son of Christopher Columbus, of the latter's youthful adventures as a corsair in the Mediterranean and his attempted capture at the instigation of King René of Anjou of the Aragonese ship Fernandina (see William D. Phillips Jr and Carta Rahn Phillips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 93-4).