LATE QING DYNASTY

A very similar embroidered robe is illustrated by J. E. Vollmer, Decoding Dragons: Status Garments in Ch'ing Dynasty China, University of Oregon Museum of Art, 1983, p. 95, pl. 50. The author notes that red-ground non-official formal coats for Manchu women became increasingly popular in the 19th century. Many such robes were decorated with symbols such as the crane, which probably served as celebratory costume for older Manchu women.