Lot Essay
These roundels were made to be worn by officials during the traditional seasonal sacrifices reinstated by Yuanshikai shortly after he became first President of the Chinese Republic in 1912. The lower the status of the official, the fewer roundels on his robe and the fewer traditional symbols of Imperial authority included in the roundel, with twelve being the highest number for roundels and symbols. Several roundels of this type displaying varying numbers of symbols are illustrated by B. Jackson and D. Hughes, Ph.D., Ladder to the Clouds, Berkeley, 1999, pp. 286-9.