溫斯洛·霍默

美國現實主義大師溫斯洛·霍默(Winslow Homer)的作品捕捉了十九世紀美國的精神內核。他憑藉意境雋永的海景畫、氣勢渾厚的自然寫生與貼切真切的日常風俗描繪聞名於世,是美國藝術史上舉足輕重的核心人物。

霍默於 1836 年生於美國麻薩諸塞州波士頓,其母是才華橫溢的業餘水彩畫家,也是他的啟蒙老師。十九歲時,他在波士頓的商業平版印刷公司 J.H. Bufford 當學徒。到了1857年,霍默開始了長達近二十年的自由插畫師生涯,為《哈勃周刊》(Harper’s Weekly)等雜誌提供插畫。

1859 年,霍默遷居紐約,於第十街工作室大廈開設個人工作室,同時入讀國家設計學院研習畫藝。美國內戰爆發後,他受《哈勃周刊》指派奔赴戰地,描繪戰場風貌與軍營日常,這成為他從插畫家轉型為油畫家的重要轉折點。歸來之後,他依據戰地速寫素材,陸續創作出一系列以內戰為主題的油畫作品。

內戰結束後,霍默將創作視角轉向描繪鄉村家庭生活。1867年他前往法國旅行,接觸到巴比松畫派技法,創作風格也隨之受到影響。但他很快發展出自己獨特的創作方式,構圖大膽,對自然觀察入微。這一時期的作品反映了他從細緻寫實向更帶印象派風格轉變的過程。

到了1875年,霍默不再從事商業插畫,專注於油畫與水彩創作。此時他已獲得極佳好評,並定期參展。也正是在這段時期,他創作了最具代表性與最優秀的作品之一——《順風》(Breezing Up,1876年,華盛頓國家美術館藏)。這幅畫體現了他對變化莫測的海洋與海事題材的迷戀。他遊歷美國及海外的沿海城鎮,捕捉海岸邊的生活與自然。那些探索自然力量及人與自然關係、令人動容的海景畫亦成為他最廣受世人喜愛的創作主題。2018年,霍默《船蹤何處?》(Where are the Boats?,1883年),原為佩吉及大衛·洛克菲勒夫婦珍藏,在佳士得紐約以4,572,500美元成交。

霍默常年隱居緬因州濱海地區,並在此創作出許多震撼人心的經典作品。1910 年,他於緬因州普勞茨內克的私人畫室中辭世。1962 年,美國郵政局發行紀念郵票緬懷這位藝術大師,郵票圖案便選用其巔峰代表作《順風》。


Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Where are the Boats?

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Herring Fishing

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Sounding Reveille

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

A Mountain Climber Resting

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Boating Boys in Gloucester

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

A Shady Spot, Houghton Farm

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

The Flock of Sheep, Houghton Farm

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

The Boat Builders

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Nassau: Water and Sailboat

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Gloucester Harbor, Fishing Fleet

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Florida Jungle

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Boy Hailing Schooners

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Two Men Rowing on a Lake

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

On the Beach, Tynemouth

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Schooners in Gloucester Harbor

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Portrait of Elizabeth Loring Grant

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Through the Fields

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Girl Seated in a Grove

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Fallen Tree with Minks

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Boats Alongside a Schooner (Fishing Pinky)

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Tynemouth Beach

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Boy and Girl at a Well

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

A Voice from the Cliffs

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Camp in Canada

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Sailing Boats in the Watering Trough

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

The Shepherdess

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Portrait of Elizabeth Grant

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Standing Shepherdess with her Flock

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Cow in Pasture

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Fly Fishing, Saranac Lake

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Boy with a Stick

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Boy and Girl on a Swing

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Perils of the Sea

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

David Pharoah, The Last of the Montauks

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Fly Fishing, Saranac Lake

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Picking Flowers, Houghton Farm

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Two Girls Blackberrying

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

Tenth Commandment

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Perils of the Sea

WINSLOW HOMER (1836-1910)

Fly Fishing, Saranac Lake