倫勃朗·哈爾曼松·凡·萊因

倫勃朗被譽爲荷蘭黃金時代最偉大的藝術家,他以對光綫、陰影與筆觸的卓越掌控,革新了繪畫藝術;以不妥協的寫實主義與深刻的心理刻畫,賦予其場景與人物撼人的情感張力。

倫勃朗於1606年出生在萊頓,1631年後於繁榮的港口城市阿姆斯特丹嶄露頭角,爲新興的商業階級繪製肖像聖經故事風景動物習作。他雖從未踏出國門,其藝術却深深受惠於意大利巴洛克畫家卡拉瓦喬——這位大師開創的明暗對照法,經由游歷荷蘭的畫家亨德里克·特布呂亨、赫里特·范·洪特霍斯特及迪爾克·范·巴布倫等人,傳入荷蘭。

自1578年阿姆斯特丹宗教改革後,教會的委託案幾近絕跡,倫勃朗轉而尋求市政機構的贊助。約1639年的一項委托催生了他最膾炙人口的鉅作:一幅描繪當地民兵自暗巷中湧出的巨大而充滿動態的群像——《夜巡》(1642年作,現藏於阿姆斯特丹國家博物館)。

在倫勃朗約三百幅畫作中,約有五十幅是自畫像,貫穿了他四十年的創作生涯。他將自畫像提升至自傳的新高度,運用不拘一格的面部表情、道具與服飾,傳達其流轉變幻的心境。隨著歲月推移,他更發展出厚塗技法,以畫刀或筆刷的鬃毛堆叠出厚重的顔料,塑造出自己那張歷經風霜、滿布皺紋且泛著紅光的臉龐,肌理觸手可及。

倫勃朗同時也是一位多産的版畫家。他對各種標記技法與版畫的色調層次進行了大量實驗,創作了約三百幅蝕刻版畫與直刻版畫。這些作品在他生前便廣傳歐洲各地,至今仍被視為該領域的技藝典範。

儘管事業有成,倫勃朗却揮霍無度,將財富大量耗費於藝術品與古董的收藏。1656年,他宣告破産,幷交出財産以償還債務。1669年,六十三歲的倫勃朗在貧困中辭世,葬於一座無名墓穴。然而,他的藝術傳承至今。2009年,佳士得以20,201,250英鎊拍出倫勃朗的《雙手叉腰的男子肖像》,刷新了藝術家的世界拍賣紀錄。

探索倫勃朗版畫素描與水彩作品

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (LEIDEN 1606-1669 AMSTERDAM)

Portrait of Jan Willemsz. van der Pluym (c.1565-1644), bust-length; an­d Portrait of Jaapgen Carels (1565-1640), bust-length

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (Leiden 1606-1669 Amsterdam)

Portrait of Petronella Buys (1610-1670), bust-length, in a brocaded black gown, bobin lace-trimmed double cartwheel ruff and pearled diadem cap

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Arnout Tholinx, Inspector

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ presented to the people (‘Ecce Homo’)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Saint Jerome reading in an Italian Landscape

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (LEIDEN 1606-1669 AMSTERDAM)

Christ crucified between two Thieves: ‘The Three Crosses’

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between the two Thieves: 'The Three Crosses'

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between the two Thieves: 'The Three Crosses'

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between the two Thieves: 'The Three Crosses'

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ presented to the People (‘Ecce Homo’)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ healing the Sick ('The Hundred Guilder Print')

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

The Shell (Conus Marmoreus)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between two Thieves: ‘The Three Crosses’

Harmensz. van Rijn Rembrandt (1606-1669)

The Three Trees (B., Holl. 212; H. 205; New Holl. 214)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Woman sitting half dressed beside a Stove

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between the two Thieves: 'The Three Crosses' (B., Holl. 78; H. 270)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

The Angel departing from the Family of Tobias (copperplate and print)

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn

The Three Trees (B., Holl. 212; H. 205; New Holl. 214)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

A Scholar in his Study ('Faust')

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

The Flight into Egypt: a Night Piece

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Saint Jerome reading in an Italian Landscape

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (Leiden 1606-1669 Amsterdam)

A strolling couple: an old man and a woman carrying a market pail

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Landscape with three gabled Cottages beside a Road

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Self-Portrait etching at a Window

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Christ crucified between the two Thieves: 'The Three Crosses'

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn

The Agony in the Garden (B., Holl. 75; H. 293)

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn

Saint Jerome reading in an Italianate Landscape (B., Holl. 104; H. 267)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Jupiter and Antiope: the larger Plate

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn

The Woman with the Arrow

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (1606-1669)

Landscape with three gabled Cottages beside a Road (B., Holl. 217; H. 246)

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (LEIDEN 1606-1669 AMSTERDAM)

A ruined thatched cottage overgrown with b ushes

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

Self-Portrait leaning on a Stone Sill

REMBRANDT HARMENSZ. VAN RIJN (1606-1669)

A Scholar in his Study ('Faust')